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... Thus for the examination of the variability in snow simulations, two variables are defined: (1) sCM2 represents the standard deviation of the ensemble mean and (2) sCM2 denotes the standard deviation inferred from the mean variance of the 3 ensemble members. Thus for sCM2 we average the seasonal and ...
... Thus for the examination of the variability in snow simulations, two variables are defined: (1) sCM2 represents the standard deviation of the ensemble mean and (2) sCM2 denotes the standard deviation inferred from the mean variance of the 3 ensemble members. Thus for sCM2 we average the seasonal and ...
EXPLORING COMMON SOLUTIONS — FINLAND´S
... Addressing climate change in the Arctic is rooted in sound science and traditional and local knowledge. The conclusions of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (2004) have been largely confirmed by local environmental observations. Both Arctic communities and natural ecosystems are affected. The mel ...
... Addressing climate change in the Arctic is rooted in sound science and traditional and local knowledge. The conclusions of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (2004) have been largely confirmed by local environmental observations. Both Arctic communities and natural ecosystems are affected. The mel ...
the age of alaskan wildfires
... The number of large western wildfires burning every year, on average, across the western U.S. has been on the rise since the 1970s. In a 42-year analysis of large wildfires (larger than 1,000 acres) on U.S. Forest Service land, Climate Central found that the number of wildfires burning now is at lea ...
... The number of large western wildfires burning every year, on average, across the western U.S. has been on the rise since the 1970s. In a 42-year analysis of large wildfires (larger than 1,000 acres) on U.S. Forest Service land, Climate Central found that the number of wildfires burning now is at lea ...
circumpolar cooperation at the arctic council`s iqaluit ministerial 2015
... Another major Framework Plan, delivered at the Ministerial and briefly discussed above, addresses cooperative efforts to prevent oil pollution from extractive and shipping activities. The objective is to strengthen cooperation and information exchange to protect the Arctic marine environment from oi ...
... Another major Framework Plan, delivered at the Ministerial and briefly discussed above, addresses cooperative efforts to prevent oil pollution from extractive and shipping activities. The objective is to strengthen cooperation and information exchange to protect the Arctic marine environment from oi ...
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
... occur while society pursues the first set of actions. The scope of this assessment did not include an evaluation of either of these sets of actions. These are being addressed by efforts under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other bodies. Stratospheric Oz ...
... occur while society pursues the first set of actions. The scope of this assessment did not include an evaluation of either of these sets of actions. These are being addressed by efforts under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other bodies. Stratospheric Oz ...
National Research Council Report
... This committee was asked to describe and assess the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for the Earth over approximately the last 2,000 years. (The full Statement of Task appears in Appendix A.) Normally, a technical issue such as surface temperature reconstruction ...
... This committee was asked to describe and assess the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for the Earth over approximately the last 2,000 years. (The full Statement of Task appears in Appendix A.) Normally, a technical issue such as surface temperature reconstruction ...
explaining extreme events of 2013
... and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this rep ...
... and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this rep ...
Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate
... and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this rep ...
... and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper, 20 different research groups explored the causes of 16 different events that occurred in 2013. The findings indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the risk for the extreme heat waves assessed in this rep ...
The Economic Effects of Long-Term Climate
... The main results indicate a signi…cant negative e¤ect of Little Ice Age temperatures on city size. This e¤ect is especially strong in areas with cold initial climate. This result is consistent with the historical evidence on the negative economic e¤ects of the Little Ice Age. Then, I test the robus ...
... The main results indicate a signi…cant negative e¤ect of Little Ice Age temperatures on city size. This e¤ect is especially strong in areas with cold initial climate. This result is consistent with the historical evidence on the negative economic e¤ects of the Little Ice Age. Then, I test the robus ...
The Economic Effects of Long-Term Climate Change
... Age decreased yield ratios. Another important concern in the climate change debate is to identify factors that a¤ect vulnerability to climate change. In a second step of the analysis, I therefore examine heterogeneity in the economic e¤ects of temperature changes. My results show that cities with go ...
... Age decreased yield ratios. Another important concern in the climate change debate is to identify factors that a¤ect vulnerability to climate change. In a second step of the analysis, I therefore examine heterogeneity in the economic e¤ects of temperature changes. My results show that cities with go ...
The exchange of carbon dioxide between wet arctic - HAL-Insu
... Siberian mainland. During summer, the central delta region experiences strongly varying weather conditions due to the change between the advection of cold and moist air masses from the Arctic Ocean, and warm and dry air masses from the Siberian mainland. Samoylov Island is situated in the southern-c ...
... Siberian mainland. During summer, the central delta region experiences strongly varying weather conditions due to the change between the advection of cold and moist air masses from the Arctic Ocean, and warm and dry air masses from the Siberian mainland. Samoylov Island is situated in the southern-c ...
Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past
... the Little Ice Age seems to have affected the whole Earth, as has the twentieth-century recovery from it; but when the ice on the Arctic seas extended farthest south, particularly in the Atlantic sector, all the climatic zones seem to have shifted south, including the storm activity of the Southern ...
... the Little Ice Age seems to have affected the whole Earth, as has the twentieth-century recovery from it; but when the ice on the Arctic seas extended farthest south, particularly in the Atlantic sector, all the climatic zones seem to have shifted south, including the storm activity of the Southern ...
A Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Aquatic
... resource to accommodate or cope with climate change impacts with minimal disruption (Glick et al. 2011).1 The goal of this vulnerability assessment is to help resource managers plan their management of sno ...
... resource to accommodate or cope with climate change impacts with minimal disruption (Glick et al. 2011).1 The goal of this vulnerability assessment is to help resource managers plan their management of sno ...
The impact of urban heat islands: assessing vulnerability in
... Asian Cities Climate Resilience ...
... Asian Cities Climate Resilience ...
Literature review on Brookies
... channel depth and width reconstruction, habitat bunkers, bank modifications, riffle and pool establishment, and other key instream improvements (Hastings et al., 2011). As pointed out by Vondracek et al., (2005), in-stream improvements on trout habitat should not overshadow the longterm problems of ...
... channel depth and width reconstruction, habitat bunkers, bank modifications, riffle and pool establishment, and other key instream improvements (Hastings et al., 2011). As pointed out by Vondracek et al., (2005), in-stream improvements on trout habitat should not overshadow the longterm problems of ...
Precipitation and temperatures extremes in East Africa in past and
... 2012&2013). These impacts of climate change in East Africa (EA) have materialized through changes in extreme events such as prolonged droughts, floods, heat waves and storms that is likely associated with regional climate change (Funk et al., 2012). Changes in temperature extremes—including heat wav ...
... 2012&2013). These impacts of climate change in East Africa (EA) have materialized through changes in extreme events such as prolonged droughts, floods, heat waves and storms that is likely associated with regional climate change (Funk et al., 2012). Changes in temperature extremes—including heat wav ...
2015 Arctic Report Card
... observations throughout the Arctic, and is updated annually. As in previous years, the 2015 update to the Arctic Report Card highlights the changes that continue to occur in both the physical and biological components of the Arctic environmental system. The average annual surface air temperature ano ...
... observations throughout the Arctic, and is updated annually. As in previous years, the 2015 update to the Arctic Report Card highlights the changes that continue to occur in both the physical and biological components of the Arctic environmental system. The average annual surface air temperature ano ...
The leading variability mode of the coupled troposphere
... 10 hPa. This reduces the possibility of disturbances of the stratospheric circulation by tropospheric planetary waves [Boville and Cheng, 1988] and therefore the variability in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. As a result, at the 50-hPa pressure level, the long-term winter mean temper ...
... 10 hPa. This reduces the possibility of disturbances of the stratospheric circulation by tropospheric planetary waves [Boville and Cheng, 1988] and therefore the variability in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. As a result, at the 50-hPa pressure level, the long-term winter mean temper ...
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
Climate Extremes: Recent Trends with Implications for National Security
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
... economic security. Observed change in the climate system is an issue of ongoing concern for the US. Recent unusual extreme weather phenomena worldwide, such as droughts, floods, severe storms, and heat waves raise the specter of significant impacts of changing climate in the near term. The authors s ...
Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily
... autumn and last spring frost, has been collected in some areas since mediaeval times. In some areas such collections form part of the documentary record from which information about climate in the preinstrumental period is inferred.10 A related variable, the growing season length (defined as the len ...
... autumn and last spring frost, has been collected in some areas since mediaeval times. In some areas such collections form part of the documentary record from which information about climate in the preinstrumental period is inferred.10 A related variable, the growing season length (defined as the len ...
Arctic Ecozone + highlights and key findings
... of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment Canada’s Inquiry ...
... of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment Canada’s Inquiry ...
University of Nevada, Reno THE ROLE OF URBAN CLIMATE AND
... The biophysical properties of different land cover types within a city create the complex urban climate. At the landscape level, the net effect of the urban matrix may be warmer temperatures in the city than surrounding natural areas. The urban heat island effect exists for some cities, like Baltimo ...
... The biophysical properties of different land cover types within a city create the complex urban climate. At the landscape level, the net effect of the urban matrix may be warmer temperatures in the city than surrounding natural areas. The urban heat island effect exists for some cities, like Baltimo ...
Early 2014 North American cold wave
The 2014 North American cold wave was an extreme weather event extending from January to April 2014, and was also part of an unusually cold winter affecting parts of Canada and the Eastern United States. The event occurred in early 2014 and was caused by a southward shift of the North Polar Vortex. Record low temperatures also extended well into March.On January 2, an Arctic cold front initially associated with a nor'easter tracked across Canada and the United States, resulting in heavy snowfall. Temperatures fell to unprecedented levels, and low temperature records were broken across the United States. Business, school, and road closures were common, as well as mass flight cancellations. Altogether, more than 200 million people were affected, in an area ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and extending south to include roughly 187 million residents of the Continental United States.