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B1_Biology_Summary_Topic_1
B1_Biology_Summary_Topic_1

A1986D675500002
A1986D675500002

... The originality and significance ofthe review were mainly in its comparative approach, which was enhanced by the treatment of four different genetic systems, including the newly discovered sporophytic system, in plants and three systems in fungi. It may be significant that de 9Nettancourt, in his sp ...
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Sex liked genetics worksheet

... Unfortunately these assumptions are not always valid. It is a fact that there are more male zygotes created than female zygotes (108 to 100); there are more male babies born than female (106 to 100); more male infants die before age 2 years; and men tend to die younger (old age) than women. What do ...
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... Garfield AS…Ward A. Nature. 469(7331):534-8 (2011) Imprinted genes, defined by their preferential expression of a single parental allele, represent a subset of the mammalian genome and often have key roles in embryonic development, but also postnatal functions including energy homeostasis and behavi ...
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Unit D Key Terms D54-Investigating Human Traits

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... seeds acquired a gene associated with smoothness from either the male or female gamete, and it will bear wrinkled peas only if its seed acquired a gene associated with wrinkledness from both gametes. The phenomenon of an individual demonstrating the form of a characteristic associated with one form ...
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... Consider a locus where there are 2 alleles possible A and B. Suppose the mutation rate (per replication cycle per locus) for mutating A → B is u. Let v be the rate from B → A. Let pA (t) be the frequency of allele A in the tth generation. In the next generation, type A alleles will arise by faithful ...
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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Dominance (genetics)



Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive. For genes on an autosome (any chromosome other than a sex chromosome), the alleles and their associated traits are autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Often the dominant allele codes for a functional protein whereas the recessive allele does not.A classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape, for example a pea shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R or wrinkled, associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR individuals have round peas and the rr individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr individuals the R allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant to allele r, and allele r is recessive to allele R. This use of upper case letters for dominant alleles and lower caseones for recessive alleles is a widely followed convention.More generally, where a gene exists in two allelic versions (designated A and a), three combinations of alleles are possible: AA, Aa, and aa. If AA and aa individuals (homozygotes) show different forms of some trait (phenotypes), and Aa individuals (heterozygotes) show the same phenotype as AA individuals, then allele A is said to dominate or be dominant to or show dominance to allele a, and a is said to be recessive to A.Dominance is not inherent to an allele. It is a relationship between alleles; one allele can be dominant over a second allele, recessive to a third allele, and codominant to a fourth. Also, an allele may be dominant for a particular aspect of phenotype but not for other aspects influenced by the same gene. Dominance differs from epistasis, a relationship in which an allele of one gene affects the expression of another allele at a different gene.
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