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endosymbiont distorts sex chromosome inheritance
endosymbiont distorts sex chromosome inheritance

... Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; dInstitute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and ...
2q32 deletions and microdeletions FTNP
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How does chromosome behavior account for Mendel`s Principles ?
How does chromosome behavior account for Mendel`s Principles ?

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Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Notes - 2015 2016

... 11. Explaining Equation #1: This equation is true for any population where there are only two alleles, one dominant and one recessive for a particular trait. Let’s say our alleles are “A” and “a”. In this equation “p” represents the frequency of “A” (the dominant allele) expressed as a decimal in th ...
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... Now we need to introduce some more terms. The individuals represented by A /a are called heterozygotes or, sometimes, hybrids, whereas the individuals in pure lines are called homozygotes. In such words, hetero- means “different” and homo - means “identical.” Thus, an A /A plant is said to be homozy ...
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Skewed X-inactivation

Skewed X chromosome inactivation occurs when the inactivation of one X chromosome is favored over the other, leading to an uneven number of cells with each chromosome inactivated. It is usually defined as one allele being found on the active X chromosome in over 75% of cells, and extreme skewing is when over 90% of cells have inactivated the same X chromosome. It can be caused by primary nonrandom inactivation, either by chance due to a small cell pool or directed by genes, or caused by secondary nonrandom inactivation, which occurs by selection. Most females will have some levels of skewing. It is relatively common in adult females; around 35% of women have skewed ratio over 70:30, and 7% of women have an extreme skewed ratio of over 90:10. This is of medical significance due to the potential for the expression of disease genes present on the X chromosome that are normally not expressed due to random X inactivation. X chromosome inactivation occurs in females to provide dosage compensation between the sexes. If females kept both X chromosomes active they would have twice the number of active X genes than males, who only have one copy of the X chromosome. At approximately the time of implantation (see Implantation (human embryo), one of the two X chromosomes is randomly selected for inactivation. The cell undergoes transcriptional and epigenetic changes to ensure this inactivation is permanent. All progeny from these initial cells will maintain the inactivation of the same chromosome, resulting in a mosaic pattern of cells in females.
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