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Mutations
Mutations

...  Many mutations are repaired by enzymes ...
Genetics – the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Genetics – the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

... • Extreme or non-apparent depending on the person • Can have affects on sex characteristics ...
Zoo/Bot 3333
Zoo/Bot 3333

... Questions 1 and 2 pertain to the following: Mules are the sterile progeny of a male donkey (2N = 62 chromosomes) with a female horse (2N = 64). Assume that mules are sterile because of a failure of chromosome pairing and segregation during meiosis. 1. How many chromosomes are present in a somatic ce ...
Mutation Notes:
Mutation Notes:

... Causes of Mutations • Spontaneous/Random mutations– – Some mutations just happen, (ie. mistake during DNA replication, transcription, mitosis, meiosis). • These lead to evolution. ...
Topic 10 Genetics and Evolution
Topic 10 Genetics and Evolution

... • Gene pool is all the genetic information in a certain population at a given time. • Large gene pools create large variation • Small gene pools create small variation • Allele frequency measures the proportion of a specific allele in a population. • Does not mean what % of the population have the a ...
xx, y:y: j
xx, y:y: j

... Complete the two Punnett squares below to compare autosomal recessive disorders with autosomal dominant disorders, Fill in the possible genotypes for offspring, and write in the phenotype (no disorder.icarrier, or disorder) for each, ...
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site

... gamete formation. In other words a specific allele for one gene may be found in a gamete regardless of which allele for a different gene is found in the same gamete. This also shuffles the genes and increases the genetic diversity of a species. 2. What are the fundamental principles of the chromosom ...
Variation and Selection
Variation and Selection

... • Mutation of the red color eye of a fruit fly into white eyes. It is caused by the changes of gene that no longer coded for the production of the red pigment. • Albino, mutation of melanin pigment that responsible to protects skin and eyes from ultra violet light. The gene can mutate and stop produ ...
Lecture 9 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Lecture 9 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

... • 1. Sex chromosome composition in birds, butterflies, moths, and some fish is opposite that of mammals, with the male the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female heterogametic (ZW). Z-linked genes behave like X-linked genes in mammals, but the sexes are reversed. The genes on the Z and W chromosomes ar ...
Chromosome Project
Chromosome Project

...  Relative size (the smallest or largest chromosome?) Slide 2: Base pairs  Number of base pairs Slide 3: DNA  Percentage of total DNA contained here Slide 4: Genes  Estimated number of genes on the chromosome Slide 5: What it looks like:  Picture or diagram of the chromosome Slide 6: Genes  Lis ...
Sex Determination & Sex
Sex Determination & Sex

... demand medical attention.  Bleeding into the joints, internal bleeding and deep cuts can be fatal for hemophiliacs.  Genetic lack of one of the clotting factors produced by the liver.  There is no cure for hemophilia but treatment options with clotting factor transfusions are ...
Types of chromosome abnormalities
Types of chromosome abnormalities

... 45,XY,der(13;14)(q10;q10): A male with a balanced Roberstonian translocation of chromosomes 13 and 14. Karyotype shows that one normal 13 and one normal 14 are missing and replaced with a derivative chromosome 46,XY,t(11;22)(q23;q22): A male with a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosom ...
Using the Simple Probability Rules
Using the Simple Probability Rules

... X in the sma;lon hermaphrodite had a recessive lethal mutation on it (remember hermaphrodites have two X chromosomes; males have one). If either or both X chromosomes had a lethal mutation, then males with that single X would die and not be seen. Thus, an indication of an X-linked lethal mutation wo ...
click here
click here

... 1. The specified karyotype has two X chromosomes and no Y chromosome, so the person is a female. The female carries three copies of chromosome 21, i.e. trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome. Ans: (c) female with Down Syndrome 2, Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder- one copy of the wild type allele is ...
description
description

... the moie points there are betlveenthem where c.issing over can occur. Urith this principle in mind, Sturteva.,i began using re_ combination data from fruit_fly crossesto as'signto g"enes relativepositions on chromosomes_that is,to map genes. Figure 9.20Brepresentsa part of the chromosome that carrie ...
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

... • Understand how recombination of genes affect genetic variability • Understand how frequency of recombination of linked genes is related to their loci distance from one another • Be familiar with patterns of inheritance for genes on sex chromosomes • Be familiar with errors that may occur in chromo ...
Dominantаннаallele that is always shown in the phenotype, never
Dominantаннаallele that is always shown in the phenotype, never

... 4. Genotype ­­ actual make­up of genes (TT, Tt, etc.) 5. Homozygous ­­ both alleles are same (TT, tt) 6. Heterozygous ­­ 2 different alleles (Tt) 7. Chromosomes ­­ extremely long molecule of DNA, humans have 23 pairs of these 8. Sex chromosomes ­­ X and Y chromosomes, ones that determine gender  9. ...
Inheritance related to Gender Determination
Inheritance related to Gender Determination

... Morgan would have expected to find equal numbers of males and females in the F2 phenotypes With autosomal genes, one expects an F2 ratio of 3/8 dominant females: 1/8 recessive females: 3/8 dominant males: 1/8 recessive males ...
Psych 3102 Lecture 3 Gregor Mendel
Psych 3102 Lecture 3 Gregor Mendel

... dihybrid cross – used in linkage analysis for two single-gene traits linked genes gives ratios that differ from the expected 9:3:3:1 ...
HOMEWORK: PRACTICE FOR MEIOSIS QUIZ PERIOD: NAME
HOMEWORK: PRACTICE FOR MEIOSIS QUIZ PERIOD: NAME

... 1. For each organism below, please draw a diagram that shows the gametes that will be produced from 1 parent cell. (Be sure your diagram includes how many gametes are produced and how many chromosomes are carried in each gamete.) ...
X-linked Genes
X-linked Genes

... ◦ People who have hemophilia are missing the protein to clot blood ◦ They can bleed to death by minor cut. ...
AP Bio Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of
AP Bio Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of

... • Do occur in females but males have a higher probability of inheriting the trait • Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, color blindness ...
Lecture 9: Genetics
Lecture 9: Genetics

... Doctors can use regular blood transfusions ‫ نقل الدم‬to prevent brain damage and new drugs to prevent or treat other problems. ...
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

... the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway • Many enzymes (proteins) are required to catalyze the reactions in pathway; genes for these enzymes on autosomes not on X or Y • Many mutations affect sexual development by disrupting hormone formation ...
File
File

... I), each homologous pair of chromosomes lines up at the equator in random order (remember that homologous pairs can have different alleles for a certain gene). • Spindle microtubules attach to whichever chromosome is closest. • Each pole is equally likely to receive either chromosome. • In humans, t ...
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Skewed X-inactivation

Skewed X chromosome inactivation occurs when the inactivation of one X chromosome is favored over the other, leading to an uneven number of cells with each chromosome inactivated. It is usually defined as one allele being found on the active X chromosome in over 75% of cells, and extreme skewing is when over 90% of cells have inactivated the same X chromosome. It can be caused by primary nonrandom inactivation, either by chance due to a small cell pool or directed by genes, or caused by secondary nonrandom inactivation, which occurs by selection. Most females will have some levels of skewing. It is relatively common in adult females; around 35% of women have skewed ratio over 70:30, and 7% of women have an extreme skewed ratio of over 90:10. This is of medical significance due to the potential for the expression of disease genes present on the X chromosome that are normally not expressed due to random X inactivation. X chromosome inactivation occurs in females to provide dosage compensation between the sexes. If females kept both X chromosomes active they would have twice the number of active X genes than males, who only have one copy of the X chromosome. At approximately the time of implantation (see Implantation (human embryo), one of the two X chromosomes is randomly selected for inactivation. The cell undergoes transcriptional and epigenetic changes to ensure this inactivation is permanent. All progeny from these initial cells will maintain the inactivation of the same chromosome, resulting in a mosaic pattern of cells in females.
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