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BIOLOGY BINGO
BIOLOGY BINGO

... • A disease which causes mental retardation because the body can not metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. This disorder is autosomal recessive. ...
Sex and Evolution in Eukaryotes
Sex and Evolution in Eukaryotes

... called sex, but when it is obligatory (no outcrossing at all, as in some hermaphrodites), it is sometimes called clonal reproduction. 3. Automixis = meiosis with diploidy restored by fusion of two haploid products of the same division or by duplication of one haploid genome. This is generally consid ...
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doc

... Now the seed grows up and becomes a plant; all cells in this plant also carry the seed’s color gene-pair — with one exception. Sex cells, either sperm or eggs, contain only one gene of the pair. For instance, a plant whose ordinary cells contain the gene-pair y/y will produce sperm cells each contai ...
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ch 11 notes

... Twins have identical genes, scientists conclude that twins with different phenotypes are influenced by the environment ...
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... a. For each inherited trait, an individual has two copies of a gene, one from each parent. b. Offspring generally inherit the worst combination of traits from their parents, suggesting that bad breath, quick tempers, smelly feet, and poor math skills are dominant traits. c. There are alternative ver ...
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... in a ratio of 2:1 at the flowering period. Datura ferox contains hyoscine with some meteloidine. The result of hybridization is the formation of plants larger than either of plants and containing hyoscine as the principal alkaloid which only small amounts of other bases. Generally, Crossing cause ch ...
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The cell cycle and Meiosis

... 15. Describe how homologous chromosomes are alike and how they are different. 16. Explain the difference between haploid and diploid cells 17. Explain what type of cells homologous pairs are found in – (somatic or sex) (haploid or diploid) 18. Correctly construct and read a normal karyotype 19. Expl ...
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Polyploid



Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopicium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.Polyploidy refers to a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or overrepresented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning ""not"", ""good"", and ""fold""). Therefore the distinction between aneuploidy and polyploidy is that aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes.Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids.Polyploidy can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content.
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