igcse biology (double award) year 11 learning objectives for the first
... 3.19 understand that division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells which contain identical sets of chromosomes 3.20 understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction 3.21 understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half ...
... 3.19 understand that division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells which contain identical sets of chromosomes 3.20 understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction 3.21 understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half ...
Chapter 21
... genome evolution • The basis of change at the genomic level is mutation, which underlies much of genome evolution • The earliest forms of life likely had a minimal number of genes, including only those necessary for survival and reproduction • The size of genomes has increased over evolutionary time ...
... genome evolution • The basis of change at the genomic level is mutation, which underlies much of genome evolution • The earliest forms of life likely had a minimal number of genes, including only those necessary for survival and reproduction • The size of genomes has increased over evolutionary time ...
1) Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization
... Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____. a. carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis b. carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes fr ...
... Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____. a. carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis b. carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes fr ...
Dominant/Recessive
... a segment of the long DNA molecule. Different genes may be different lengths. Each gene is a code for how a certain molecule can be made. The molecules produced by the genes can generally be sorted into two different types: ones that run the chemical reactions in your body, and ones that will be the ...
... a segment of the long DNA molecule. Different genes may be different lengths. Each gene is a code for how a certain molecule can be made. The molecules produced by the genes can generally be sorted into two different types: ones that run the chemical reactions in your body, and ones that will be the ...
Ch17 Lecture-Speciation
... with certain genotypes prefer distinct microhabitats where mating takes place. This appears to be taking place with apple maggot flies. One group prefers to lay eggs on hawthorne fruits, the other group lays eggs on apples. They are partially reproductively isolated. ...
... with certain genotypes prefer distinct microhabitats where mating takes place. This appears to be taking place with apple maggot flies. One group prefers to lay eggs on hawthorne fruits, the other group lays eggs on apples. They are partially reproductively isolated. ...
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Linked
... • When genes are linked you see a higher proportion of parental phenotypes ...
... • When genes are linked you see a higher proportion of parental phenotypes ...
Sexual Reproduction
... Pollination and maybe fertilization of endosperm required, but the embryo is a direct sporophytic product of the maternal ...
... Pollination and maybe fertilization of endosperm required, but the embryo is a direct sporophytic product of the maternal ...
Post Review of Mid-Term - Rutherford County Schools
... • Egg and sperm cells only carry one set of 23 • Each human haploid cell is “N” • Egg and sperm combine (fertilization) to form 2N or 46 • All other chromosomes are called autosomes • Each human or animal cell has sex chromosomes XX or XY ...
... • Egg and sperm cells only carry one set of 23 • Each human haploid cell is “N” • Egg and sperm combine (fertilization) to form 2N or 46 • All other chromosomes are called autosomes • Each human or animal cell has sex chromosomes XX or XY ...
Morgan and Gene Recombination
... additive: 9% (b-cn) + 9.5% (cn-vg) > 17% (b-vg). • This results from multiple crossing over events. • A second crossing over “cancels out” the first and reduced the observed number of recombinant offspring. • Genes father apart (for example, b-vg) are more likely to experience multiple crossing over ...
... additive: 9% (b-cn) + 9.5% (cn-vg) > 17% (b-vg). • This results from multiple crossing over events. • A second crossing over “cancels out” the first and reduced the observed number of recombinant offspring. • Genes father apart (for example, b-vg) are more likely to experience multiple crossing over ...
Genetics and Heredity
... A pair of homologous chromosomes, each in the unduplicated state (most often, one from a male parent and its partner from a female parent) ...
... A pair of homologous chromosomes, each in the unduplicated state (most often, one from a male parent and its partner from a female parent) ...
Cells - s3.amazonaws.com
... • Diploid Cells: have two of every chromosome (body cells) • Haploid Cells: have just one chromosome from each pair (gametes) ...
... • Diploid Cells: have two of every chromosome (body cells) • Haploid Cells: have just one chromosome from each pair (gametes) ...
Cross over frequency and gene mapping Notes
... Crossing over – homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I, they may exchange pieces of chromosome Linked genes do not always stay together in gamete formation Crossing over results in new combinations of genes Crossing over occurs during meiosis and cause linked genes to separate. ...
... Crossing over – homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I, they may exchange pieces of chromosome Linked genes do not always stay together in gamete formation Crossing over results in new combinations of genes Crossing over occurs during meiosis and cause linked genes to separate. ...
nov6_part1_Basics of molecular genetics
... • DNA/RNA is able to encode proteins based on the genetic code • a single amino acid is encoded by three consecutive nucleotides (triplets vs. codons) • slight variations on the standard code are existing (e.g. vertebrate mitochondrion) • the genetic code is redundant, degenerated but unambiguous • ...
... • DNA/RNA is able to encode proteins based on the genetic code • a single amino acid is encoded by three consecutive nucleotides (triplets vs. codons) • slight variations on the standard code are existing (e.g. vertebrate mitochondrion) • the genetic code is redundant, degenerated but unambiguous • ...
Pre-lab homework Lab 4: Meiosis
... 3. Now you are ready to model the process of meiosis in more detail. This time you will model two events in more detail – Crossing over and the line up of chromosomes during Metaphase I. a. Crossing Over: To model crossing over, which is the process that results from the breaking and swapping of DNA ...
... 3. Now you are ready to model the process of meiosis in more detail. This time you will model two events in more detail – Crossing over and the line up of chromosomes during Metaphase I. a. Crossing Over: To model crossing over, which is the process that results from the breaking and swapping of DNA ...
Pedigrees Power Point
... • Pedigrees are helpful if couples are concerned that they might be carriers of genetic disorders ...
... • Pedigrees are helpful if couples are concerned that they might be carriers of genetic disorders ...
Mastering Biology Genetics Retake
... somatic cell ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ gamete _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ...
... somatic cell ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ gamete _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ...
Hybrid Genetic Algorithm in Solving TSP
... Helps to keep the better solutions intact and pass over into the next generation without alteration The elitism rate directly depends on the size of the population The rate should be decreased when the population size is increased For example: The ...
... Helps to keep the better solutions intact and pass over into the next generation without alteration The elitism rate directly depends on the size of the population The rate should be decreased when the population size is increased For example: The ...
Bio 4 – Study Guide 3
... phases of mitosis and meiosis (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interkinesis). Know how they are different from each other. Know the following structures: centromeres, asters, spindle fibers, cell plate, metaphase plate, cleavage furrow, kinetochores, chiasma, tetrad, chromatin, ...
... phases of mitosis and meiosis (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interkinesis). Know how they are different from each other. Know the following structures: centromeres, asters, spindle fibers, cell plate, metaphase plate, cleavage furrow, kinetochores, chiasma, tetrad, chromatin, ...
Lec 08 - Development of e
... gas used in World Wars I and II) could cause mutations in cells. Since that time, many other mutagenic chemicals have been identified and there is a huge industry and government bureaucracy dedicated to finding them in food additives, industrial wastes, etc. It is possible to distinguish chemical mu ...
... gas used in World Wars I and II) could cause mutations in cells. Since that time, many other mutagenic chemicals have been identified and there is a huge industry and government bureaucracy dedicated to finding them in food additives, industrial wastes, etc. It is possible to distinguish chemical mu ...
102KB - NZQA
... Mutation is the original / ultimate source of variation because it introduces totally new alleles to a population. Therefore, mutations increase genetic variation in a species. There is variation of phenotypes and genotypes in a species. Natural selection is the process where individuals with ‘fit’ ...
... Mutation is the original / ultimate source of variation because it introduces totally new alleles to a population. Therefore, mutations increase genetic variation in a species. There is variation of phenotypes and genotypes in a species. Natural selection is the process where individuals with ‘fit’ ...
NCEA Level 2 Biology (91157) 2016
... Mutation is the original / ultimate source of variation because it introduces totally new alleles to a population. Therefore, mutations increase genetic variation in a species. There is variation of phenotypes and genotypes in a species. Natural selection is the process where individuals with ‘fit’ ...
... Mutation is the original / ultimate source of variation because it introduces totally new alleles to a population. Therefore, mutations increase genetic variation in a species. There is variation of phenotypes and genotypes in a species. Natural selection is the process where individuals with ‘fit’ ...
SNP Analysis (GAW15 data)
... – The only potential region of concern occurs on chromosome 4, for which the maximum LOD score in families without typed parents was 2.50, while among the families with at least one genotyped parent the LOD score was only 0.08. However, the finding that LOD scores on chromosome 4 do not decrease whe ...
... – The only potential region of concern occurs on chromosome 4, for which the maximum LOD score in families without typed parents was 2.50, while among the families with at least one genotyped parent the LOD score was only 0.08. However, the finding that LOD scores on chromosome 4 do not decrease whe ...
Physical Anthropology- 101 - Fullerton College Staff Web Pages
... Are the following statements true or false? Write an F or T next to each question (you will NOT be graded on this exercise). 1. Science can be used to explore any question that humans have. At this time there is enough evidence for scientists to state absolutely that UFO’s do not exist. 2. The age o ...
... Are the following statements true or false? Write an F or T next to each question (you will NOT be graded on this exercise). 1. Science can be used to explore any question that humans have. At this time there is enough evidence for scientists to state absolutely that UFO’s do not exist. 2. The age o ...
16.1 X-Rays Were the First Environmental Agent
... The steps in Müller’s protocol are shown in Figure EG16.1.2. He began with wild-type males and exposed them to X-rays. These Xrays may mutate the X chromosome in sperm cells, resulting in a recessive lethal allele. These males, and a control group of males that were not exposed to X-rays, were then ...
... The steps in Müller’s protocol are shown in Figure EG16.1.2. He began with wild-type males and exposed them to X-rays. These Xrays may mutate the X chromosome in sperm cells, resulting in a recessive lethal allele. These males, and a control group of males that were not exposed to X-rays, were then ...
gene - MrSimonPorter
... outside the body. I don’t look after my eggs either so many get killed before they have chance to develop into fish. ...
... outside the body. I don’t look after my eggs either so many get killed before they have chance to develop into fish. ...
Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopicium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.Polyploidy refers to a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or overrepresented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning ""not"", ""good"", and ""fold""). Therefore the distinction between aneuploidy and polyploidy is that aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes.Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids.Polyploidy can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content.