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A CMOS Bio-Impedance Measurement System
A CMOS Bio-Impedance Measurement System

... 1mV in a period. Figure 8b illustrates the waveforms obtained by electrical simulations for the upper and lower rectified signals at 10kHz. A two-stage open loop operational amplifier is used as error amplifier. For ix amplitude programming, a four-quadrant multiplier [17] and an OTA were designed. ...
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... The RMPA5255 power amplifier module is designed for high performance WLAN applications in the 4.9–5.9 GHz frequency band. The 10 pin, 5 x 5 x 1.5 mm package with internal matching on both input and output to 50Ω, and internal bias network components, allow for extremely simplified integration. An on ...
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... facilities to become complicated due to a need for a feedback system. The proposed method estimates roadside voltage, therefore eliminating the need for its regulation. As a result, ground facilities can be simplified. The estimation equation is based on the equivalent circuit of a WPT system and ex ...
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... control the frequency of the generator. However, the frequency control of some speed controllers will drift with time. In order to compensate for this, the T4400 includes frequency control. The system frequency can be set to 60Hz with terminals 29 and 30 bridged or 50Hz with these terminals open. ...
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Photomultiplier Tubes. Construction and Operating Characteristics

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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