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Circuit Analysis Demystified - one step easy a wonderful site
Circuit Analysis Demystified - one step easy a wonderful site

... components. This means that each component has two connection points or terminals that can be used to connect it with other components in the circuit. Each type of component will have its own symbol. This is illustrated in Fig. 1-1, where we indicate the terminals with two rounded ends or dots and u ...
Aalborg Universitet Yang, Yongheng; Ma, Ke; Wang, Huai; Blaabjerg, Frede
Aalborg Universitet Yang, Yongheng; Ma, Ke; Wang, Huai; Blaabjerg, Frede

... is of significant frequency dependency, as it is demonstrated in the experimental measurements in Fig. 4, where the ESRs of a film capacitor and an electrolytic capacitor were measured under different frequencies. It can be observed in Fig. 4 that the ESR of either the film capacitor or the electrol ...
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... Computer Engineering ...
Mohr on Receiver Noise Characterization, Insights & Surprises
Mohr on Receiver Noise Characterization, Insights & Surprises

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MAX5308/MAX5309 Low-Power, Low-Glitch, Octal 10-Bit Voltage- Output DACs with Serial Interface General Description
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... The MAX5308/MAX5309 are 10-bit, eight-channel, lowpower, voltage-output digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that are easily addressed using a simple 3-wire serial interface. These devices feature eight doublebuffered DACs using a common 16-bit serial to parallel shift register, a power-on reset (POR ...
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... This class will be called for in installation category III applications such as for an industrial printer or minicomputer which is connected to a 3-phase line. Industrial lighting ballasts can also fall into this category. These capacitors are impulse tested with 4.0kV if their value is 1.0µF or les ...
Liebert PPC Two Stage Distribution 150-800kVA Guide
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... on heavy-duty swivel casters for portability and ease of installation and shall be provided with permanent leveling jacks for final installation. The unit shall have easily removable input and output cable trays. All installation and service shall be capable of being performed with access to the fro ...
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... WT310HC/WT330” will refer to all of these products). The WT310/WT310HC/WT330 is a power measurement instrument that can measure parameters such as voltage, current, and power. This User’s Manual explains the features of the WT310/WT310HC/WT330 and how to use them. To ensure correct use, please read ...
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... Before and during measurements please be very diligent in following instructions below:  Do not measure voltage or current in wet or dusty places;  Do not measure in presence of gas, explosive materials or combustibles;  Do not touch the circuit under test if no measurement is being taken;  Do n ...
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Testing.
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... The calibration is generally done at a voltage of 50 to 75 % of the test voltage. In this case since the test voltage is 550 kV the calibration is done at a level of 275 kV to 413 kV. Let the Impulse Generator has 6 stages with a charging voltage of Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, Anna University ...
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... communications, Wi-Fi Local Area Network, and short-range personal communications such as Bluetooth (BT), have been commercially deployed and continue to evolve. On the emerging horizon, mobile terminals no longer limit their usage to a single purpose, but serve to provide a multitude of access to h ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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