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... modulation. However, their effect can usually be compensated for by proper utilization of the short vectors. The problem appears for very large modulation indices, when the duty cycles of the short vectors are very small. It seems that when the converter is operating as a rectifier, there are some c ...
ELM 200 Electric Circuits I
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... COURSE DESCRIPTION This course provides an in depth study of direct current (DC) electronic theory. Topics include atomic theory, magnetism, properties of conductors and insulators, and characteristics of series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits. Inductors and capacitors are introduced and the ...
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... VIN and IIN refer to control inputs. VI, VO, II, and IO refer to data pins. † All typical values are at VCC = 5 V (unless otherwise noted), TA = 25°C. ‡ For I/O ports, the parameter IOZ includes the input leakage current. § This is the increase in supply current for each input that is at the specifi ...
SP485E 数据资料DataSheet下载
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... to be connected to a data bus, making it an ideal choice for multi-drop applications. Since the cabling can be as long as 4,000 feet, RS-485 transceivers are equipped with a wide (-7V to +12V) common mode range to accommodate ground potential differences. Because RS-485 is a differential interface, ...
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DET5/4D & DET5/4R Digital Earth Tester
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... unit then configure the multiplier to achieve the lowest power consumption. The single-switch dithering voltage unit and razor flip-flops help to reduce the voltage safety margins and overhead typically associated to DVS to the lowest level. The large silicon area and power overhead typically associ ...
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... current i.e. from Ground (GND) to the chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 microcontroller pins and the green flow of voltage (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a indicates the sinking of the current from the digital USB-to-serial converter. circuit being tested, to the Ground (GND) 1.0 ...
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... For ESD protection in RF application it is mandatory to keep the ESD diode capacitance as small as possible. This avoids a de-tuning of input matching structure and the protection device will create less harmonic distortion.The principle of minimizing the ESD diode´s capacitance is explained for a u ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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