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signals and noise
signals and noise

Datasheet - STMicroelectronics
Datasheet - STMicroelectronics

FEATURES FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
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... 48-pulse converters are obtained by combining two or four (12-pulse) VSI, respectively, with the specified phase shift between all converters. For high-power applications with low distortion, the best option is the 48-pulse converter, although using parallel filters tuned to the 23th–25th harmonics ...
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... field—and, indirectly, sense many other variables which can be converted into motion or dielectric constant, such as pressure, acceleration, fluid level, and fluid composition. They are built with conductive sensing electrodes in a dielectric, with excitation voltages on the order of five volts and ...
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... are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of SCILLC’s product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent−Marki ...
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PIC - Peripheral Interface Controllers

... an astable output results and this is essentially a clock but not as we might commonly understand it. Unlike the hours, minutes and seconds used for everyday timing the resonator creates a series of very high frequency pulses, usually in the order of 4MHz or 4 million pulses every second. This gives ...
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... 5. Measuring Continuity : Many times, it is necessary to check if a node is connected to another node (via a short-circuit). For example, you may want to follow a ground node in a complicated circuit. You can connect the two nodes to the (V, Ω) and (LO) inputs (just like voltage or resistance measur ...
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... complete 1:2 multiplexer for VGA signals. The device provides switching for red-green-blue (RGB) signals, horizontal and vertical synchronization (HSYNC/VSYNC) pulses, display data channel (DDC) signals, and 5V power supplies. The power switches provide +5V power with current limiting and reverse-vo ...
SIMULATION OF SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
SIMULATION OF SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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