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- JPE-Journal of Power Electronics
- JPE-Journal of Power Electronics

... equivalent circuit for eddy current. The derived voltage equation newly possesses curious parameter referred to as the equivalent iron loss resistance and the parameter is connected in series with the armature resistance [6]. However, the behavior of the equivalent iron loss resistance has not been ...
A µNewton thrust
A µNewton thrust

... triangle acts as a single arm of an interferometer that is used to measure any change in the distance between the proof masses created by a passing gravitational wave. One critical task for the LISA spacecraft is to shield the proof masses from any nongravitational forces that could disturb them. Th ...
LED Test Solution - Chroma Systems Solutions
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Hybrid CMOS-SET Devices and Circuits: Modelling - SMDP-VLSI
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LM380 2.5W Audio Power Amplifier (Rev. C)
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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

Engineering Circuit Analysis, Sixth Edition
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Animal Contact Current Mitigation
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... will be low so the output voltage on pin 13 will be driven low (GND), hence the VREF voltage becomes Vcc × (R2 // R4) / (R2 // R4 + R3), as shown in Figure 4. In this way, the holding current of the stepper motor can be set by choosing suitable resistors. So the VREF can be automatically changed whe ...
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Low-Cost AC Solid-State Relay With MOSFETs

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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