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Pickups, Volume, and Tone Controls
Pickups, Volume, and Tone Controls

... stray external magnetic field. The stray magnetic field induced voltages are 180 out of phase and should cancel completely. This is an example of what engineers call common mode rejection, a phenomenon we will see again later in the book. Although voltages induced by external magnetic fields cancel ...
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... No technical content pages of this document may be reproduced in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission of ROHM CO.,LTD. The contents described herein are subject to change without notice. The specifications for the product described in this document are for reference only. Up ...
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... paper. Correspondingly, the design specifications for WCDMA Class 3 PAs are summarized in Table I. “Average” power efficiency, which is the ratio of the energy delivered to the antenna to the energy derived from the battery, is the key factor determining the talk time and battery life for portable w ...
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... equations [10, 20,21,22]. The ME coefficient of 2-2 type laminates has been approximated for the transverse magnetized/ transverse polarized (T-T) mode of operation [10,20]. Unfortunately, the approach is suitable only for dc magnetic biases; furthermore, the approach does not lend itself to the des ...
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Cable Heating Effects due to Harmonic Distortion in
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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