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AP2161/ AP2171 Description Pin Assignments
AP2161/ AP2171 Description Pin Assignments

... Over-current and Short Circuit Protection An internal sensing FET is employed to check for over-current conditions. Unlike current-sense resistors, sense FETs do not increase the series resistance of the current path. When an over-current condition is detected, the device maintains a constant output ...
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... To illustrate the importance of the antenna’s ηMBE, two apparent close values of the main beam efficiency are considered. First of all, an antenna with ηMBE = 90 % senses an ice floe on the surface of the sea. The ice floe is just the size of the area on the ground illuminated by the main beam. Assu ...
transmission lines
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... circuits which have blown fuses, faulty wiring or missing components are all considered open circuits. • close circuit: A circuit is considered to be closed when electricity flows from an energy source to the desired endpoint of the circuit. A complete circuit which is not performing any actual work ...
Simulation of Partial Discharges in Solid Dielectric Material: A Study
Simulation of Partial Discharges in Solid Dielectric Material: A Study

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1. Introduction - About the journal

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... ** You must plot the waveforms by hand, photocopying is not acceptable) 3. State the similarities and differences between the waveforms of (2a) and (2b) 4. State the similarities and differences between the waveforms of (2a) and (2c) 5. State the similarities and differences between the waveforms of ...
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... acquisition system can effectively and accurately acquire the signal. These circuits consist of differential and instrumentation amplifiers, filters, current to voltage and frequency to voltage converters, etc., developed for transducers such as potentiometers, RTD's, thermocouples, strain gauge bri ...
FSA5157 0.4 Low-Voltage SPDT Analog Switch F
FSA5157 0.4 Low-Voltage SPDT Analog Switch F

... Pole Double Throw (SPDT) analog switch. This product has been designed for switching audio signals in applications such as cell phones and portable media players. The ultra-low 0.4Ω impedance, sub-μA current consumption, and 1.65V to 4.3V operating voltage range makes this product ideal for battery- ...
Elegance Electrician`s Guide
Elegance Electrician`s Guide

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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