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Broadband Low-Noise CMOS Mixers for Wireless Communications Fan Jiang
Broadband Low-Noise CMOS Mixers for Wireless Communications Fan Jiang

... In this thesis, three broadband low-noise mixing circuits which use CMOS 130 nm technology are presented. As one of the first few stages in a receiving front-end, stringent requirements are posted on mixer performance. The Gilbert cell mixers have presented excellent properties and achieved wide app ...
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... require higher power apparatus in recent years. Some medium voltage motor drives and utility applications require medium voltage and MW power level. For a medium voltage grid, it is troublesome to connect one power semiconductor switch directly [1-2]. High power and medium voltage inverter has recen ...
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... of the titanate material, which is approx. 2.7 Ws/Kcm3. At short switching times  less than 5 s with commonly used overcurrent protection devices  heat dissipation through the surface and lead wires is virtually negligible. Almost the entire electrical dissipation is consumed to heat up the cerami ...
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... Thus upto magnetiv saturation, the armature torque is directly proportional to the sequare of armature current. If Ia is doubled, Ta is almost quadrupled. Theredor , Ta/Ia curve upto magnetiv saruration is a parabola( portion OA of the curve in Fig. 5.35). However, after magnetic saturation, torque ...
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... One of the most important aspects of planning and operating electrical power systems is the design of protection systems. Protection systems are designed to detect and remove faults. A fault in an electrical power system is the unintentional conducting path (short circuit) or blockage of current (op ...
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CHAPTER 11 FILTERS AND TUNED AMPLIFIERS
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...  RP as large as possible for a given L. ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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