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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Application Guide
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Application Guide

AD5301 数据手册DataSheet 下载
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... Buffered Analog Output Voltage from the DAC. The output amplifier has rail-to-rail operation. Active Low Control Input. Acts as a hardware power-down option. This pin overrides any software power-down option. The DAC output goes three-state and the current consumption of the part drops to 50 nA @ 3 ...
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... improves partial power-down performance, keeping I2C-bus I/O pins in high-impedance state when VDD is below 2.0 V. A PCA9518 cluster cannot be put in series with a PCA9515/16 or with another PCA9518 cluster. Multiple PCA9518 devices can be grouped with other PCA9518 devices into any size cluster tha ...
Modulation and Demodulation
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... = 15,000 metres. This is too long antenna to be constructed practically. For this reason, it is impracticable to radiate audio signal directly into space. On the other hand, if a carrier wave say of 1000 kHz is used to carry the signal, we need an antenna length of 300 metres only and this size can ...
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... have gained more trust due to advances in technology (fast processors, fiber optic communications) and sophisticated algorithms making them immune to CT saturation. This paper presents a new algorithm for microprocessorbased low-impedance differential relay (Section III) that combines the differenti ...
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... resistor of 51 kΩ or 56 kΩ from Pin 1 to VB (Pin 16). This will produce a burst pulse of 2.5 µs to 3.5 µs in duration, as shown in Figure 10. As the ramp on Pin 1 rises toward the charging voltage of 8.2 V, it passes first through a burst “start threshold” at 1.0 V, then a “stop threshold” at 1.3 V, ...
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... currents, voltages are induced in them. If the rotor were to stand still, then the induced voltages would be very similar to those induced in the stator windings. In the case of a squirrel cage rotor, the voltage induced in a bar will be slightly out of phase with the voltage in the next bar, since ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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