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Scope of the measurement: Testing basic transistor circuits
Scope of the measurement: Testing basic transistor circuits

Experiment 8 — Series-Parallel Circuits
Experiment 8 — Series-Parallel Circuits

FSP300-60ATV
FSP300-60ATV

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... unit of new topology produces five-level output with output voltage double the input DC voltage where as a single unit of conventional H-bridge produces three-level output voltage similar to input DC voltage. The comparison has made between the proposed five-level inverter and conventional cascaded ...
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... For low frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor is large so that very little current exists in the capacitor branch. The reactance of the inductor is small so that current exists in the inductor branch and the lightbulb glows. As the frequency increases, the inductive reactance increases and th ...
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latch_up - WordPress.com
latch_up - WordPress.com

... Fig: Cross section of parasitic transistors in Bulk CMOS Latchup may begin when Vout drops below GND due to a noise spike or an improper circuit hookup (Vout is the base of the lateral NPN Q2). If sufficient current flows through Rsub to turn on Q2 (I Rsub > 0.7 V ), this will draw current through ...
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16.3 Notes

< 1 ... 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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