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M. Chen, K.K. Afridi and D.J. Perreault, “A Multilevel Energy Buffer and Voltage Modulator for Grid-Interfaced Micro-Inverters,” 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition , pp. 3070-3080, September 2013.
M. Chen, K.K. Afridi and D.J. Perreault, “A Multilevel Energy Buffer and Voltage Modulator for Grid-Interfaced Micro-Inverters,” 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition , pp. 3070-3080, September 2013.

... [1]–[8]. Two important considerations in the design of microinverters are converter efficiency and size. The size of the micro-inverter can be reduced by increasing its switching frequency. However, to maintain or enhance efficiency at the higher switching frequencies, advanced topologies and contro ...
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... cards. Unregulated plus and minus 30 volts DC _s also provided to drive the static logic switches and the MAX relay. All of the DC outputs are fused to protect the power ...
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... The current/voltage characteristic of a filament lamp is to be determined using a datalogger, the data then being fed into a computer to give a visual display of the characteristic. Draw the circuit diagram required for such an experiment and state what is varied so as to produce a range of values. ...
External SPDs - Surge Protective Devices
External SPDs - Surge Protective Devices

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73S8014RN Smart Card Interface DATA SHEET

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... Primary mechanism for thermal dissipation in a 3DIC is through heat sink  Vertical temperature gradient exists in 3DICs  Dies on bottom tiers have higher temperatures Worst-case peak temperature (= minimum MTTF) happens where slow dies are on bottom tiers (far from the heat sink) ...
Network effects of line start permanent magnet synchronous motors
Network effects of line start permanent magnet synchronous motors

TLN-712 User Guide 2.0 - The Tellun Corporation
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... buttons in a defined sequence on the units will bind them together. The training process is easiest on a test bench with the units within arm’s reach of each other. Training can be done in the field but requires two people and a set of walkie talkies or cell phones. Be sure to place an identificatio ...
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... AD modulation (traditional) — modulation scheme with a differential output, where each output is 180 degrees out-of-phase and changes from ground to the supply voltage, VCC. Therefore, the differential prefiltered output varies between positive and negative VCC, where filtered 50 percent duty cycle ...
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E1.1 Circuit Analysis Problem Sheet 1
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... 4. We can find a path (shown highlighted below) from the bottom to the top of the VX arrow that passes only through voltage sources and so we just add these up to get the total potential difference: VX = (−3) + (+2) + (+9) = +8 V. ...
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... changes of even 100% become insignificant in nearly all applications. Similarly, changes in capacitance and dissipation factor during normal service life are small enough to present no real problem to nearly all applications. No circuit designer, however, can allow for complete short circuit, and th ...
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... The braking torque indicated is a short-duration average torque (which varies with motor loss) when the motor alone is decelerated from 60Hz in the shortest time and is not a continuous regenerative torque. When the motor is decelerated from the frequency higher than the base frequency, the average ...
ZXTD718MC Features and Benefits Mechanical Data
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... Products described herein may be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign patents pending. Product names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign trademarks. LIFE SUPPORT Diodes Incorporated products are specifically n ...
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... to be connected between VDD pin and GND pin of the SPOC and should be in the range of 100nF. In addition, a series resistor is recommended on the VDD. The voltage regulator for the logic supply should be reverse battery protected, to protect the parts connected to VDD (µC, SPOC,...) during reverse b ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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