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Voltage Regulator

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Diodes V-I Characteristics – signal diode

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Electric Circuits

Why it`s smart to buy Energy Star
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Low Voltage Boost Driver PR4404
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... With two LEDs in series, a stable output current of 200mA, or an output power of 1.2W, can be achieved in the voltage range between 3.5V and 5V, which is interesting for three battery cell applications. Operation with a 2.2µH yields optimum results with best margins. High input currents that occur a ...
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... sine wave with which op-amp can have undistorted output. 20. Define input resistance. Input resistance is defined as the difference input resistance as seen at either of the input terminals with the other terminal connected to ground. For 741 IC, the input resistance value is 2MΩ. 21. Define input c ...
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... regulate the battery charging properly. Once this signal has been activated the coulomb counter takes over from the analog circuitry. The signal is released when the counter indicates full charge. If for some reason the analog control system suffered only a temporary glitch (i.e. a bit error in the ...
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... • Composed of a coil or wire wound around a nonmagnetic core/magnetic core. • Its behavior based on phenomenon associated with magnetic fields, which the source is current. • A time-varying magnetic fields induce voltage in any conductor linked by the fields. • Inductance is the circuit parameter wh ...
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... Measurement Specialties, TE Connectivity, TE Connectivity (logo) and EVERY CONNECTION COUNTS are trademarks. All other logos, products and/or company names referred to herein might be trademarks of their respective owners. The information given herein, including drawings, illustrations and schematic ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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