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LOGO!Power 12
LOGO!Power 12

... Startup delay/ voltage rise Rated current Iout rated Current range to +55 °C Parallel switching for enhanced performance ...
Author - Princeton ISD
Author - Princeton ISD

... By convention, electric current is the direction in which a positive test charge moves. An electrical circuit transforms electrical energy into thermal or mechanical energy. Resistors can be combined in different ways to make a series or parallel circuit. In a series circuit, the charge travels alon ...
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LF155/LF156/LF157 Series Monolithic JFET Input Operational Amplifiers LF155/LF156/LF157 General Description
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... important later in this chapter when we examine amplifier circuits and in the next chapter when we look at electrical-optical circuits. Voltage dividing circuits can allow us to detect and control a wide range of physical phenomena. Can you think of any electronic devices in your home that respond t ...
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... Maintenance and assembly teams can now test network sections while laying new cables and during repairs with an integrated device. The help of the diagnostics functions look for weak points, without additional equipment. The TD versions are now available. During the loss factor measurement, the rati ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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