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tutorial2(que).
tutorial2(que).

... A six pole machine has a flux per pole of 30 mWb. The armature has 536 conductors connected as a lap winding in which the number of parallel paths (a) is equal to the number of poles (p). The DC machine runs at 1050 revolution per minute (rpm), and delivers a rated armature current of 225 A to a loa ...
Aalborg Universitet
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... The carrier based sine-triangle PWM method generates a train of pulses for the power switches from an inverter, based on the comparison between a high frequency triangular and a sinusoidal reference signal. By adding the 3rd harmonic to the phase voltages the linear range of the modulation index can ...
Word Version - DCC - LIGO Document Control Center Portal
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... 26. Four 1.5 volt AA batteries in series are used to power a transistor radio. If the batteries hold a total charge of 240 C, how long will they last if the radio has a resistance of 200 Ω ? a. 1.1 hours b. 2.2 hours c. 4.1 hours d. 13 hours 27. What is the maximum number of 100 Watt lightbulbs you ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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