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ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS uNiT 1: FuNDAMENTAL
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS uNiT 1: FuNDAMENTAL

... forced through the circuit is reduced. Conversely, if resistance is reduced, a greater number of electrons is allowed through the circuit. ...
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... Logic Disable. (Figure 7–1) The GATE IN pin of the module may be used to turn the module on or off. When GATE IN is pulled low (<0.65 V @ 6 mA, referenced to –Vin), the module is turned off. When GATE IN is floating (open collector), the module is turned on. The open circuit voltage of the GATE IN p ...
Chaos: A Nonlinear Phenomenon in AC-DC Power
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... [1] provides dc voltage at the output end with having high input power factor. A low power factor decreases the power level in the utility grid, with a high harmonic distortion to the line current that causes EMI problems. It is usually assumed ripple free output by considering a huge output capacit ...
here
here

Lab 8 - Automatic Night Light
Lab 8 - Automatic Night Light

Name :
Name :

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... reliability of the results of a physical measurement. It is defined in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary as "freedom from mistake or error; correctness". We should distinguish accuracy from precision, which according to Webster's is "the degree of refinement with which an operation is performed or ...
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... All physical devices need to be modeled appropriately in terms of circuit elements so that their characteristics can be taken into account in circuit analysis. In this notes, we emphasize modeling of practical voltage and current sources. Modeling of a practical voltage source: An ideal voltage sour ...
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... A GaAs power MESFET amplifier was constructed using hybrid microstrip techniques. The load impedance at the output of the MESFET was adjusted to approximately 50 . With a maximum drain voltage peak-to-peak swing of 20 V, an output power of 1 W at 950 MHz could be obtained under continuous wave (CW) ...
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Measured Output Voltages of Piezoelectric Devices Depend on the
Measured Output Voltages of Piezoelectric Devices Depend on the

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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