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Photo-Diode Current-To-Voltage Converters
Photo-Diode Current-To-Voltage Converters

... It’s more difficult to design a good current-tovoltage converter using a voltage feedback amplifier (VFA). As discussed above, phase shift caused by photo-diode capacitance is often a source of instability. Furthermore, wide bandwidth usually comes at the expense of supply current and higher supply ...
Experiment FT2
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... 1. By using a multimeter, measure the resistance of the primary winding (between terminals 1 and 6), the secondary winding (between terminals 3 and 4), and the resistance between the primary and the secondary windings (between terminals 1 and 3). Is there any electrical connection between the primar ...
IMEC, Leuven, Belgium, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
IMEC, Leuven, Belgium, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

... losses. At the same time the suspension can be designed to allow resonance at the main working frequency of the vibration. This approach is favourable for vibrations at higher frequencies with lower amplitudes: resonance converts the small amplitude of the package into an internal motion with a larg ...
lm4880.pdf
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AC-8888-04 Color TV
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... the test result back. Then through the optical-electronic coupling, to the pilaster circuit and finally works to decide the on/off of the switch regulator tube after it has been regulated and amplified. It's an efficient way to get a fine control and a fast power supply reaction and the stability of ...
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... Voltage drops due to RP are not eliminated; they will add to the dropout voltage of the regulator regardless of whether they are inside or outside the regulation loop. The AMS1501 can control the voltage at the load as long as the input-output voltage is greater than the total of the dropout voltage ...
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... open literature except for the one reported in [2]. However, this circuit produces the logarithmic of an input greater than unity and has a limited dynamic range. In addition, it has no gain controllability and it uses some passive elements. All other realizations found in the literature have at lea ...
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... It is a brushless DC Motor whose rotor rotates in discrete angular increments when the stator windings are energized in the programmed manner. The Rotor has no electrical windings it has magnetized poles It is a also known as digital actuator Operational Modes Full step mode Half step mode Micro ste ...
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AC ’97 and HD Audio SoundMAX Codec AD1986A
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... Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. N ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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