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Chapter 17 Transient Suppressors and Surge Suppressors
Chapter 17 Transient Suppressors and Surge Suppressors

... Gas-tube arrestors have argon, krypton, neon, or another gas that ionizes easily, contained in a sealed chamber for protection from atmospheric contamination. The trigger voltage can be adjusted by the spacing of the plates and the gas pressure. If air leaks into the tube, the trigger voltage can in ...
Using Ohm`s Law to Build a Voltage Divider
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... The ratio of the battery voltage and the desired voltage can be used to determine the goal ratio of the two resistors. Knowing this ratio is very helpful when choosing from a limited selection of resistors. Starting with the Voltage Divider Equation V2 = Vbattery * (R2)/(R1 +R2) The ratio of the vol ...
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... MJE340) on the heat sink for thermal tracking. R9 and R10 can be 1.2 kΩ and 330 Ω, respectively, as given LME49810 data sheet. Assume Q1 VBE forward voltage is 0.6 V, we have Vbias given by V Bias = 0.6 + ...
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... The microphone amplifier’s output. This amplifier’s gain is set by external resistors. The summing node of the microphone’s input. DC lever is VB. Input of mute. A logic low (voltage lower than 0.8V) sets the circuit normal operation. A logic high (voltage higher than 2V) mutes the microphone amplif ...
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... The QSR20-48S5 series power modules are open-frame DC-DC converters in an industry 1/4 brick packaging & footprint, and provide up to 5V output voltage and 20A output current. All components of the converter are surface mounted. The converters feature high power density, remote on/off, over-temperat ...
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... vibration energy, which can be caused by motors running in a factory, airflow across a fan blade or even by a moving vehicle. A piezoelectric transducer can be used to convert these forms of vibration energy into electrical energy, which in turn can be used to power circuitry. To manage the energy h ...
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... minimize “pick-up” and maximize the frequency of the feedback pole by minimizing the capacitance from the input to ground. A feedback pole is created when the feedback around any amplifier is resistive. The parallel resistance and capacitance from the input of the device (usually the inverting input ...
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... consumed power with the power factor nearing to unity and minimal distortion of the traction voltage. After extensive research and verification, it came to the conclusion that impulse rectifier referred to as “fourquadrant converter” is connected to secondary winding of the traction transformer. The ...
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... translates up to four inputs from 8 kHz to 100MHz, to output frequencies between 8 MHz and 800 MHz. The SFX-424G supports all major FEC rates such as 15/14, 255/237 etc. SFX-424G is well suited for use in line cards, service termination cards and similar functions to provide reliable reference, ph ...
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... Since v3 = -50i1 = -87.5 V, no further information is required to determine its value. The 90-V source is absorbing (90)(i1) = 157.5 W of power and the dependent source is absorbing (1.8v3)(i1) = -275.6 W of power. Therefore, none of the conditions specified in (a) to (d) can be met by this circuit. ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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