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EMS1EP Lecture 8 – Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
EMS1EP Lecture 8 – Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

... Continuous Rotation Servos • By default servo motors only have about 180O of motion that they can travel over • Servos can be modified for continuous rotation (they can go right around) • PWM signal controls speed not position of continuous rotation servos • Involves: – Removing feedback potentiome ...
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... The ideal differentiator is not a practical circuit. The infinite gain to high frequencies makes it impossible to construct because most noise signals are at high frequencies. Using the configuration shown is Figure 1 will cause the OP AMP circuit to go to saturation due to the high gain amplificati ...
Power Electronics Prof. B. G. Fernandes Department of Electrical
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... So, when alpha is equal to 90 degrees and if the current is continuous, average value of the output voltage is 0. I said that I can, you can have this situation only if the load is pure inductor. So, power transfer to the load is 0 if I neglect the inverter losses or in other words, if the inverter ...
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... The MAX1522/MAX1523/MAX1524 are simple, compact boost controllers designed for a wide range of DC-DC conversion topologies including step-up, SEPIC, and flyback applications. These devices are designed specifically to provide a simple application circuit with a minimum of external components and are ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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