Bio 262- Genetics Study Guide
... an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype. Compare autosome. Somatic cells: Any cell in the body except gametes and their precursors. Thymine (T): A nitrogenous base, one me ...
... an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype. Compare autosome. Somatic cells: Any cell in the body except gametes and their precursors. Thymine (T): A nitrogenous base, one me ...
CHAPTER 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction
... The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell. Duration varies with cell type The cell cycle consists of two ...
... The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell. Duration varies with cell type The cell cycle consists of two ...
Biology Lecture 2 – Genes
... • Prophase I: homologous chromosomes line up next to each other to form tetrads (XX), crossing over or genetic recombination occurs • Metaphase I: XX lines up at equator • Anaphase I: two X’s split, travel towards opposite ends of cell • Telophase I: nuclear membrane may reform • Cytokinesis: primar ...
... • Prophase I: homologous chromosomes line up next to each other to form tetrads (XX), crossing over or genetic recombination occurs • Metaphase I: XX lines up at equator • Anaphase I: two X’s split, travel towards opposite ends of cell • Telophase I: nuclear membrane may reform • Cytokinesis: primar ...
Chapter Three: Heredity and Environment
... Genes are made up of DNA: the complex protein code of genetic information DNA directs the form and function of each body cell as it develops Each molecule of DNA is called a chromosome Chromosomes contain instructions to make all the proteins a living being needs Each person has 23 sets of chromosom ...
... Genes are made up of DNA: the complex protein code of genetic information DNA directs the form and function of each body cell as it develops Each molecule of DNA is called a chromosome Chromosomes contain instructions to make all the proteins a living being needs Each person has 23 sets of chromosom ...
Notes-Sex Linked Traits and Polygenic Traits
... Traits that have an equal chance of being passed down to males or females, but do not show up equally. Due to the hormonal differences between a male and female, these genes are not expressed equally. Example: Some genes for baldness are sex-influenced. The dominant gene that causes baldness in a ma ...
... Traits that have an equal chance of being passed down to males or females, but do not show up equally. Due to the hormonal differences between a male and female, these genes are not expressed equally. Example: Some genes for baldness are sex-influenced. The dominant gene that causes baldness in a ma ...
AIPVT Biology Botany and Zoology Sample Paper 2
... (c) most virus-infected cells (d) certain fungi 184. In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of (a) combination of FSH and LH (b) combination of estrogen and progesterone (c) FSH only (d) LH only 185. Which one of the following is not a constituent of cell membrane? ( ...
... (c) most virus-infected cells (d) certain fungi 184. In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of (a) combination of FSH and LH (b) combination of estrogen and progesterone (c) FSH only (d) LH only 185. Which one of the following is not a constituent of cell membrane? ( ...
Mutations
... Errors when the DNA is copied during replication During protein synthesis- when proteins are constructed When the cell is dividing- Mitosis or meiosis Sometimes external agents, called mutagens, can cause mutations to occur ...
... Errors when the DNA is copied during replication During protein synthesis- when proteins are constructed When the cell is dividing- Mitosis or meiosis Sometimes external agents, called mutagens, can cause mutations to occur ...
Mendelian Genetics
... • In fruit flies and humans traits carried on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked. • A recessive gene on the X chromosome will always be expressed in the male, since there is a single X present. • A female with the recessive gene on one of her two X chromosomes will be able to pass the trait ...
... • In fruit flies and humans traits carried on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked. • A recessive gene on the X chromosome will always be expressed in the male, since there is a single X present. • A female with the recessive gene on one of her two X chromosomes will be able to pass the trait ...
Lecture 10: Meiosis Products of meiosis in animals vs. plants, fungi
... Mechanism by which recombination creates new combination of alleles - Cutting, pasting, and crossing over of DNA backbones yields new combination of alleles Mechanism by which recombination creates copy number variation (CNV) - During meiosis, a mistake can occur during recombination - A slip occurs ...
... Mechanism by which recombination creates new combination of alleles - Cutting, pasting, and crossing over of DNA backbones yields new combination of alleles Mechanism by which recombination creates copy number variation (CNV) - During meiosis, a mistake can occur during recombination - A slip occurs ...
Supplemental material
... I and anaphase I. (B) Dodeca cohesion in soloZ2-0198/Df(2L)A267 primary spermatocytes. Four dodeca foci are evident at prometaphase I within the chromosome 3 bivalent, indicating that sister centromeres have prematurely separated but sister chromatids are still held together within the bivalent. Not ...
... I and anaphase I. (B) Dodeca cohesion in soloZ2-0198/Df(2L)A267 primary spermatocytes. Four dodeca foci are evident at prometaphase I within the chromosome 3 bivalent, indicating that sister centromeres have prematurely separated but sister chromatids are still held together within the bivalent. Not ...
File
... made in a single strand called mRNA but in RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil. mRNA then leaves the nucleus to join the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. At the ribosome, rRNA helps tRNA link amino acids together to make a polypeptide (protein) chain. ...
... made in a single strand called mRNA but in RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil. mRNA then leaves the nucleus to join the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. At the ribosome, rRNA helps tRNA link amino acids together to make a polypeptide (protein) chain. ...
Amoeba Sisters: Video Recap
... 9. Suzy knows that an individual’s sex is determined by sex chromosomes. She knows that females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. She creates the Punnett square cross below to show sex inheritance. She wants to know which parent determines the sex of a baby---is it th ...
... 9. Suzy knows that an individual’s sex is determined by sex chromosomes. She knows that females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. She creates the Punnett square cross below to show sex inheritance. She wants to know which parent determines the sex of a baby---is it th ...
The Mitosis Dance
... Pedagogical research provides evidence that including role play activities can effectively support student learning when teaching complex concepts such as those that take place inside a cell. Various teaching institutions have reported on the enhanced level of student engagement and understanding of ...
... Pedagogical research provides evidence that including role play activities can effectively support student learning when teaching complex concepts such as those that take place inside a cell. Various teaching institutions have reported on the enhanced level of student engagement and understanding of ...
Chapter 5: Sex Determination and Sex
... Result of nondisjunction during Meiosis. Tend to be tall, long arms, large hands and feet Outward appearance of male Undeveloped testes that fail to produce sperm. Female secondary sex characteristics are not ...
... Result of nondisjunction during Meiosis. Tend to be tall, long arms, large hands and feet Outward appearance of male Undeveloped testes that fail to produce sperm. Female secondary sex characteristics are not ...
Study Guide
... 16. A scientist uses a pedigree to study family history. 17. A pedigree traces the inheritance of a particular trait through only two generations. 18. In a pedigree, one who does not express the trait is represented by a darkened ...
... 16. A scientist uses a pedigree to study family history. 17. A pedigree traces the inheritance of a particular trait through only two generations. 18. In a pedigree, one who does not express the trait is represented by a darkened ...
Induced chromosome pairing
... excised and cultured on a sterile growth medium; even then few embryos survive (less than 1 percent). In the early 1970s Anthon Kruse, working in Denmark, discovered a simple embryo rescue technique. He placed the hybrid embryo on immature endosperm excised from the developing seed of one of the par ...
... excised and cultured on a sterile growth medium; even then few embryos survive (less than 1 percent). In the early 1970s Anthon Kruse, working in Denmark, discovered a simple embryo rescue technique. He placed the hybrid embryo on immature endosperm excised from the developing seed of one of the par ...
1) Limitations of cytogenetic testing (karyotyping)
... test may be required. Mosaic cell lines may be unevenly distributed between the fetus and extra-fetal tissues leading to false positive and false negative results in the most extreme cases. ‘Confined placental mosaicism' (CPM) is observed in approximately 1-2% of CVS samples. ...
... test may be required. Mosaic cell lines may be unevenly distributed between the fetus and extra-fetal tissues leading to false positive and false negative results in the most extreme cases. ‘Confined placental mosaicism' (CPM) is observed in approximately 1-2% of CVS samples. ...
BMS2042 Extranuclear Inheritance
... • But sometimes different mitochondria with slightly different DNA sequences co-‐exist within the cytoplasm of a cell. o Presence of multiple types of mitochondria or chloroplasts within a cell is called ...
... • But sometimes different mitochondria with slightly different DNA sequences co-‐exist within the cytoplasm of a cell. o Presence of multiple types of mitochondria or chloroplasts within a cell is called ...
Chapter 12
... 7. What is a plasmid? 8. Gel electrophoresis separates molecules based on what 2 properties? (Circle which property used in the Lab) 9. Why does DNA move towards the positive end of the electrophoresis box? ...
... 7. What is a plasmid? 8. Gel electrophoresis separates molecules based on what 2 properties? (Circle which property used in the Lab) 9. Why does DNA move towards the positive end of the electrophoresis box? ...
Genetics Concept Inventory
... Physical constitution of an organism is called a phenotype Similarity of genetic information in mother and daughter cell after cell division Results of DNA replication Chromosomes that determine sex in mammals Cell types in body where genes are found Number of chromosomes present in a cell after cel ...
... Physical constitution of an organism is called a phenotype Similarity of genetic information in mother and daughter cell after cell division Results of DNA replication Chromosomes that determine sex in mammals Cell types in body where genes are found Number of chromosomes present in a cell after cel ...
No Slide Title
... • Simple genome – small genome (97mbmegabase pairs, or 97,000,000 base pairs) • Little highly repetitive DNA sequences • About 19,000 genes ...
... • Simple genome – small genome (97mbmegabase pairs, or 97,000,000 base pairs) • Little highly repetitive DNA sequences • About 19,000 genes ...
Chromosome
A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.