Kinetic proofreading of gene activation by chromatin remodeling
... In a quasisteady state assumption, the ratio of concentrations of activated and nonactivated nucleosomes is given by 关AR*兴 / 关AR兴 = a / dA. In the final step, a transcription factor T can associate itself with the activated nucleosome with the reaction 关AR*兴 + 关T兴 ↔ 关AT兴 with on-rate t+ and off-rate ...
... In a quasisteady state assumption, the ratio of concentrations of activated and nonactivated nucleosomes is given by 关AR*兴 / 关AR兴 = a / dA. In the final step, a transcription factor T can associate itself with the activated nucleosome with the reaction 关AR*兴 + 关T兴 ↔ 关AT兴 with on-rate t+ and off-rate ...
Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis
... 3. Natural bacterial transformation as a form of sex Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. Transformation depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be designed to carry out this ...
... 3. Natural bacterial transformation as a form of sex Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. Transformation depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be designed to carry out this ...
Genetics Tutorial
... individual can pass on genetic information to its offspring. In order to avoid doubling the number of chromosomes in each generation, cells must be created that carry only one set of chromosomes (haploid or 1n). ...
... individual can pass on genetic information to its offspring. In order to avoid doubling the number of chromosomes in each generation, cells must be created that carry only one set of chromosomes (haploid or 1n). ...
microbial genetics
... maintenance mechanisms, and drug resistance and colicin production. In bacteria, plasmid transfer occurs through transformation and conjugation. Often it is useful to transfer a nontransmissible plasmid to a specific host cell. It is possible to transfer the purified DNA as long as a genetic selecti ...
... maintenance mechanisms, and drug resistance and colicin production. In bacteria, plasmid transfer occurs through transformation and conjugation. Often it is useful to transfer a nontransmissible plasmid to a specific host cell. It is possible to transfer the purified DNA as long as a genetic selecti ...
TESTS FOR GROUNDING IN MODULE 1
... 10. In what organelle proteins are matured into their final forms? a) mitochondria b) lysosomes c) Golgi apparatus CORRECT d) ribosomes 11. What does an optical part of the light microscope consist of? a) refractor b) diaphragm c) condenser d) turret e) ocular CORRECT 12. The membranes that partitio ...
... 10. In what organelle proteins are matured into their final forms? a) mitochondria b) lysosomes c) Golgi apparatus CORRECT d) ribosomes 11. What does an optical part of the light microscope consist of? a) refractor b) diaphragm c) condenser d) turret e) ocular CORRECT 12. The membranes that partitio ...
Retrovirus Integration Database (RID): a public database for
... Background For a retrovirus to replicate, the virus must integrate a DNA copy of its genome, producing a provirus in the genome of the infected host cell. Research into host integration sites of retroviral genomes has been on-going for many years [2, 8, 13, 14]. Insertion into regions near host gene ...
... Background For a retrovirus to replicate, the virus must integrate a DNA copy of its genome, producing a provirus in the genome of the infected host cell. Research into host integration sites of retroviral genomes has been on-going for many years [2, 8, 13, 14]. Insertion into regions near host gene ...
View - OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center
... During the process of mitosis a single cell division produces two daughter cells from a single parent cell and each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent cell (1, 2). Mitosis produces a pair of sister chromatids from each chromosome. Meiosis is a unique type of cellular divisi ...
... During the process of mitosis a single cell division produces two daughter cells from a single parent cell and each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent cell (1, 2). Mitosis produces a pair of sister chromatids from each chromosome. Meiosis is a unique type of cellular divisi ...
The C-terminus of S. pombe DDK subunit Dfp1 is
... (Cdc7 in humans or budding yeast) and its regulatory subunit Dfp1 (Dbf4 in humans or budding yeast) (reviewed by Duncker and Brown, 2003; Kim et al., 2003; Labib, 2010; Sclafani, 2000). In vegetative cells, DDK has an essential function in the initiation of DNA replication as well as DNA repair and ...
... (Cdc7 in humans or budding yeast) and its regulatory subunit Dfp1 (Dbf4 in humans or budding yeast) (reviewed by Duncker and Brown, 2003; Kim et al., 2003; Labib, 2010; Sclafani, 2000). In vegetative cells, DDK has an essential function in the initiation of DNA replication as well as DNA repair and ...
BIO 101 Lab OBJECTIVES
... 2. Understand the various factors that control the rate of diffusion, like molecular size, weight and concentration. 3. Define differentially permeable, solute, solvent and solution. 4. Know the difference between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions and how concentration differences affect ...
... 2. Understand the various factors that control the rate of diffusion, like molecular size, weight and concentration. 3. Define differentially permeable, solute, solvent and solution. 4. Know the difference between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions and how concentration differences affect ...
A Feeling for the Organism — Life and Work of Barbara McClintock
... to her body, a knowing which came down from countless generations of ancestors who lived in the Ringing Cedars area of Siberia, a portion of Siberia not on anyone's cognitive map until Megré began to write books mostly dictated to him by Anastasia. From Anastasia we can learn of the healthy effects ...
... to her body, a knowing which came down from countless generations of ancestors who lived in the Ringing Cedars area of Siberia, a portion of Siberia not on anyone's cognitive map until Megré began to write books mostly dictated to him by Anastasia. From Anastasia we can learn of the healthy effects ...
Dating the Origin of the CCR5-Δ32 AIDS
... •Allele – A particular ‘flavor’ of gene. Ex. Gene-hair color. Allele-blond, or brown, or red… •Haplotype – A particular set of alleles. Ex. Blond hair, fair skin, and blue eyes is one haplotype. Brown hair, brown eyes, and olive complexion is another haplotype. •Genotype – All the alleles an organis ...
... •Allele – A particular ‘flavor’ of gene. Ex. Gene-hair color. Allele-blond, or brown, or red… •Haplotype – A particular set of alleles. Ex. Blond hair, fair skin, and blue eyes is one haplotype. Brown hair, brown eyes, and olive complexion is another haplotype. •Genotype – All the alleles an organis ...
Genetics and inheritance Questions with true or false answers
... Prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis can only be performed on tissue in which the gene is being expressed. False All somatic cells have the same nuclear DNA code with copies of all the genes (apart from reticulocytes which lose their nuclei), although not all genes are expressed in all tissues. The ad ...
... Prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis can only be performed on tissue in which the gene is being expressed. False All somatic cells have the same nuclear DNA code with copies of all the genes (apart from reticulocytes which lose their nuclei), although not all genes are expressed in all tissues. The ad ...
C. African American
... ________ A family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations is called a _____________ A. karyotype B. Punnett square C. pedigree D. ________ A person that has one copy of a recessive autosomal allele and does not express the trait but can pass it on to his/her offspring is ...
... ________ A family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations is called a _____________ A. karyotype B. Punnett square C. pedigree D. ________ A person that has one copy of a recessive autosomal allele and does not express the trait but can pass it on to his/her offspring is ...
Nematode genome evolution
... Barnes et al. (1995) noticed that the recombination rate in most C. elegans autosomes differs by a factor of ~7–12 between the arms and central clusters. However, in chromosome V, the recombination rate differs by a factor of just four between the arms and cluster. The relatively higher recombinatio ...
... Barnes et al. (1995) noticed that the recombination rate in most C. elegans autosomes differs by a factor of ~7–12 between the arms and central clusters. However, in chromosome V, the recombination rate differs by a factor of just four between the arms and cluster. The relatively higher recombinatio ...
A locus for posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD3
... 1985]. The clinical phenotype of PPCD can vary from relatively benign Descemet’s thickening to severe progression towards vision loss from corneal edema [Cibis et al., 1977; Threlkeld et al., 1994; Weisenthal and Streeten, 1997]. In about 40% of the cases, PPCD includes glaucoma [Bourgeois et al., 1 ...
... 1985]. The clinical phenotype of PPCD can vary from relatively benign Descemet’s thickening to severe progression towards vision loss from corneal edema [Cibis et al., 1977; Threlkeld et al., 1994; Weisenthal and Streeten, 1997]. In about 40% of the cases, PPCD includes glaucoma [Bourgeois et al., 1 ...
Chapter 1
... complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism Each human has approximately 20,500 genes Human genome consists of many genes that collaborate both with each other and with non-genetic factors inside and outside the body Genetic exp ...
... complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism Each human has approximately 20,500 genes Human genome consists of many genes that collaborate both with each other and with non-genetic factors inside and outside the body Genetic exp ...
The Two Faces of Higher Eukaryotic DNA Replication Origins
... was first suggested by DNA fiber autoradiography, which revealed that replication forks move bidirectionally outward from sites (origins) irregularly spaced along chromosomal DNA molecules. However, the resolution of fiber autoradiography (15-30 kb) is insufficient to provide information about event ...
... was first suggested by DNA fiber autoradiography, which revealed that replication forks move bidirectionally outward from sites (origins) irregularly spaced along chromosomal DNA molecules. However, the resolution of fiber autoradiography (15-30 kb) is insufficient to provide information about event ...
Genome-Wide Gene Expression Effects of Sex Chromosome
... producing a large number of adult flies that allowed well-replicated microarray analysis. All three contrasts compared individuals carrying Autw132 autosomes and identical sex chromosomes. Genetic constraints associated with our experimental approach required that the two male contrasts also differed ...
... producing a large number of adult flies that allowed well-replicated microarray analysis. All three contrasts compared individuals carrying Autw132 autosomes and identical sex chromosomes. Genetic constraints associated with our experimental approach required that the two male contrasts also differed ...
Full Text PDF - Jaypee Journals
... or deletions in the Y chromosome (Yq11). It is important to note that numerous mouse knock out models that display as spermatogenic phenotype, including sperm cell arrest, has contributed little of clinical relevance to the large number of men with idiopathic infertility. The possible role of severa ...
... or deletions in the Y chromosome (Yq11). It is important to note that numerous mouse knock out models that display as spermatogenic phenotype, including sperm cell arrest, has contributed little of clinical relevance to the large number of men with idiopathic infertility. The possible role of severa ...
Alu repeat analysis in the complete human genome: trends and
... units separated by a poly ‘A’ stretch. The monomers, homologous to 7SL RNA, are absolutely identical except for a 30 bp insertion in the right monomer (Jelinek et al., 1980; Ullu and Tschudi, 1984). The 3 end of the Alu element has a long stretch of adenine residues, and is flanked by 4–10 bp of di ...
... units separated by a poly ‘A’ stretch. The monomers, homologous to 7SL RNA, are absolutely identical except for a 30 bp insertion in the right monomer (Jelinek et al., 1980; Ullu and Tschudi, 1984). The 3 end of the Alu element has a long stretch of adenine residues, and is flanked by 4–10 bp of di ...
Inquiry into Life, Eleventh Edition
... • Both the mother and the father of a colorblind male appear to be normal. From whom did the son inherit the allele for colorblindness? What are the genotypes of the mother, father, and the son? • A woman is colorblind. What are the chances that her son will be colorblind? If she is married to a man ...
... • Both the mother and the father of a colorblind male appear to be normal. From whom did the son inherit the allele for colorblindness? What are the genotypes of the mother, father, and the son? • A woman is colorblind. What are the chances that her son will be colorblind? If she is married to a man ...
Gene Section EXT2 (exostoses (multiple) 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... occur in 1-5% of the HME cases. Cytogenetics 11p rearrangement was found in 1 sporadic osteochondroma (exostosis) using cytogenetic analysis; loss of heterozygosity at the EXT2 locus was absent in 14 osteochondromas. ...
... occur in 1-5% of the HME cases. Cytogenetics 11p rearrangement was found in 1 sporadic osteochondroma (exostosis) using cytogenetic analysis; loss of heterozygosity at the EXT2 locus was absent in 14 osteochondromas. ...
Recent Advances in Cytology
... immediately in view. Immense numbers of detailed facts were thus accumulated, but… the intellectual bond which should have bound them together was wanting.”2 What biology needed more than anything was a stroke of bold theory-making, and that’s what Weismann delivered: for sexual organisms to beget o ...
... immediately in view. Immense numbers of detailed facts were thus accumulated, but… the intellectual bond which should have bound them together was wanting.”2 What biology needed more than anything was a stroke of bold theory-making, and that’s what Weismann delivered: for sexual organisms to beget o ...
Chromosome
A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.