INDIRECT FACILITATION OF GRANIVOROUS BIRDS BY DESERT
... Parmenter et al. 1984), we expected that flocking finches would use visual cues and high mobility to exploit ephemeral patches of high resource abundance. Therefore, we predicted that birds would rapidly detect and exploit local concentrations of seeds made available by experimental addition of mill ...
... Parmenter et al. 1984), we expected that flocking finches would use visual cues and high mobility to exploit ephemeral patches of high resource abundance. Therefore, we predicted that birds would rapidly detect and exploit local concentrations of seeds made available by experimental addition of mill ...
2009rat
... The ratio of E. rosea shells chewed by rats over the total number of shells found in each plot is shown over time by site (next figure). If rats are, in fact, consuming high numbers of E. rosea then this should be reflected in a higher proportion of empty shells observed to be chewed rather than int ...
... The ratio of E. rosea shells chewed by rats over the total number of shells found in each plot is shown over time by site (next figure). If rats are, in fact, consuming high numbers of E. rosea then this should be reflected in a higher proportion of empty shells observed to be chewed rather than int ...
Predicting the Long-Term Effects of Hunting on Plant Species
... in turn. The most fundamental effect of dispersal is reduction in kin competition, yet this role is often overlooked by tropical ecologists (Howe & Smallwood 1982). Even if per-seed survival or recruitment success is no different under parents than elsewhere, a species or genotype that disperses wil ...
... in turn. The most fundamental effect of dispersal is reduction in kin competition, yet this role is often overlooked by tropical ecologists (Howe & Smallwood 1982). Even if per-seed survival or recruitment success is no different under parents than elsewhere, a species or genotype that disperses wil ...
The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Obligate Mutualism
... tambalacoque stones can withstand 4-5 times the force required to crush almonds (Temple 1977, Jackson et al. 1988). The fruit matures over an extended period (18 ...
... tambalacoque stones can withstand 4-5 times the force required to crush almonds (Temple 1977, Jackson et al. 1988). The fruit matures over an extended period (18 ...
Seed mass, shape, and persistence in the soil seed bank of Israeli
... n = 45, P = 0.124). Species with persistent seeds yielded significantly higher seed dimensions than those with transient seeds (one-tailed t-test = 1.95, n = 48, P = 0.029). In this study, there was no threshold in seed mass (or dimension) and shape that distinguished transient from persistent seeds ...
... n = 45, P = 0.124). Species with persistent seeds yielded significantly higher seed dimensions than those with transient seeds (one-tailed t-test = 1.95, n = 48, P = 0.029). In this study, there was no threshold in seed mass (or dimension) and shape that distinguished transient from persistent seeds ...
Roadside Revegetation Field Guide
... affected by the construction. The surveyor should not only include the species names, but also the percentage of the community that they comprise. This will allow a comparison of the existing community to that proposed in the seeding guidelines and allow for possible modifications to the guidelines. ...
... affected by the construction. The surveyor should not only include the species names, but also the percentage of the community that they comprise. This will allow a comparison of the existing community to that proposed in the seeding guidelines and allow for possible modifications to the guidelines. ...
Rapid loss of genetic variation in a founding
... mother plant (i.e. barochory). However, as fruit predation by roe deer was frequently observed in the study area, occasional long-distance seed dispersal may occur through seed transfer by roe deer (i.e. endozoochory). Seeds germinate in spring. The next year they grow to be juveniles, from which th ...
... mother plant (i.e. barochory). However, as fruit predation by roe deer was frequently observed in the study area, occasional long-distance seed dispersal may occur through seed transfer by roe deer (i.e. endozoochory). Seeds germinate in spring. The next year they grow to be juveniles, from which th ...
Artificial Regeneration
... – More seed per acre is required to obtain the desired number of seedlings – Delayed seed germination, slower rates of development, and loss of seed to predation and drought may lengthen the time to seedling establishment (or cause complete failure) when compare to planting. – Lack of control over s ...
... – More seed per acre is required to obtain the desired number of seedlings – Delayed seed germination, slower rates of development, and loss of seed to predation and drought may lengthen the time to seedling establishment (or cause complete failure) when compare to planting. – Lack of control over s ...
Artificial Regeneration
... – More seed per acre is required to obtain the desired number of seedlings – Delayed seed germination, slower rates of development, and loss of seed to predation and drought may lengthen the time to seedling establishment (or cause complete failure) when compare to planting. – Lack of control over s ...
... – More seed per acre is required to obtain the desired number of seedlings – Delayed seed germination, slower rates of development, and loss of seed to predation and drought may lengthen the time to seedling establishment (or cause complete failure) when compare to planting. – Lack of control over s ...
A Guide to Selling Native Prairie Seed in Nebraska
... ecotype seed whenever possible because it is the path of least risk. There are several alternatives to local ecotype seed. These include non-native species, cultivars of native species, and wild harvested prairie seed from long distances away from the planting site. Non-native species have several p ...
... ecotype seed whenever possible because it is the path of least risk. There are several alternatives to local ecotype seed. These include non-native species, cultivars of native species, and wild harvested prairie seed from long distances away from the planting site. Non-native species have several p ...
Seed Dispersal and Frugivory in Tropical Ecosystems
... The reward to the animals is quite obvious, food, but what do the plants get out of this mutualistic relationship? Seeds removed from parent trees escape from densitydependent mortality under their crowns, may colonize open habitats (succession), and/or experience directed dispersal to appropriate m ...
... The reward to the animals is quite obvious, food, but what do the plants get out of this mutualistic relationship? Seeds removed from parent trees escape from densitydependent mortality under their crowns, may colonize open habitats (succession), and/or experience directed dispersal to appropriate m ...
Seedling survival and seed size
... 4 Synthesis of data from field studies of populations under natural conditions also showed that large-seeded species have higher survival through early seedling establishment than small-seeded species (P = 0.006, n = 112 species). However, the magnitude of this advantage would only be sufficient to ...
... 4 Synthesis of data from field studies of populations under natural conditions also showed that large-seeded species have higher survival through early seedling establishment than small-seeded species (P = 0.006, n = 112 species). However, the magnitude of this advantage would only be sufficient to ...
Significance and extent of secondary seed dispersal by predatory
... (sensu Schupp 1993; Schupp, Jordano & Gómez 2010) of dispersal by evaluating seed damage and other factors affecting germination caused by the different dispersers, and (vi) the potential limit of seeds secondarily dispersed related to lizard sizes captured by the two predatory birds based on lizar ...
... (sensu Schupp 1993; Schupp, Jordano & Gómez 2010) of dispersal by evaluating seed damage and other factors affecting germination caused by the different dispersers, and (vi) the potential limit of seeds secondarily dispersed related to lizard sizes captured by the two predatory birds based on lizar ...
Disruption of ant-seed dispersal mutualisms by the invasive Asian
... presence of P. chinensis was not associated with the number of individuals of F. subsericea (t = 0.65, n = 23, P = 0.52), C. pennsylvanicus (t = 0.78, n = 23, P = 0.44), C. castaneus (t = 1.04, n = 23, P = 0.31) or C. americanus (we found only two workers of C. americanus, one at an intact plot and ...
... presence of P. chinensis was not associated with the number of individuals of F. subsericea (t = 0.65, n = 23, P = 0.52), C. pennsylvanicus (t = 0.78, n = 23, P = 0.44), C. castaneus (t = 1.04, n = 23, P = 0.31) or C. americanus (we found only two workers of C. americanus, one at an intact plot and ...
Director Species Listing Section Threatened Species Scientific
... have highly specific habitat requirements and are particularly sensitive to changes and disruptions to their surrounding habitat. Their limited movement capability means that they are unable, or reluctant, to cross gaps in vegetation and move within or among fragmented habitats. The requirement to d ...
... have highly specific habitat requirements and are particularly sensitive to changes and disruptions to their surrounding habitat. Their limited movement capability means that they are unable, or reluctant, to cross gaps in vegetation and move within or among fragmented habitats. The requirement to d ...
Seed size, growth rate and gap microsite
... tree fall and branch fall gaps where the majority of pioneer recruits are found on BCNM (Dalling et al. 1998). However they differ from natural gaps in an important respect in that we removed all ‘advance regeneration’ (seedlings and saplings present at the time of gap formation) and all woody debri ...
... tree fall and branch fall gaps where the majority of pioneer recruits are found on BCNM (Dalling et al. 1998). However they differ from natural gaps in an important respect in that we removed all ‘advance regeneration’ (seedlings and saplings present at the time of gap formation) and all woody debri ...
Within-population spatial synchrony in mast seeding of North American oaks
... have originated from several different trees. Counts from trap data were averaged over several traps to form an estimated mean for each plot (Table 1). Data at the Missouri site were collected as part of a study of the effects of forest thinning on acorn yield, and Massachusetts data were collected ...
... have originated from several different trees. Counts from trap data were averaged over several traps to form an estimated mean for each plot (Table 1). Data at the Missouri site were collected as part of a study of the effects of forest thinning on acorn yield, and Massachusetts data were collected ...
Mammal and insect predation of chemically and structurally
... Previous studies have focused only on the function of M. holtonii chemical defences against seed predators (Rehr et al. 1973). However, little is known about the potential role of seed structures, such as the seed coat, that may act as physical deterrents to seed predation (Janzen 1977a). It is poss ...
... Previous studies have focused only on the function of M. holtonii chemical defences against seed predators (Rehr et al. 1973). However, little is known about the potential role of seed structures, such as the seed coat, that may act as physical deterrents to seed predation (Janzen 1977a). It is poss ...
Banks of algal microscopic forms: hypotheses on
... reported that the microscopic stages resumed growth when conditions were improved. The longevity of microscopic stages might be related to seaweed life strategy, but scarce information on this point was found, since, as shown in Table 1, most data refer to long-lived species. The longevity of propag ...
... reported that the microscopic stages resumed growth when conditions were improved. The longevity of microscopic stages might be related to seaweed life strategy, but scarce information on this point was found, since, as shown in Table 1, most data refer to long-lived species. The longevity of propag ...
Control of plant species diversity and community invasibility by
... cover of invasive species (representing ‘‘invasibility’’) and realized plot richness (representing ‘‘community diversity’’). Realized plot richness included sown species and any invading species. These two statistical models initially included quadratic terms for seed richness and seed density and a ...
... cover of invasive species (representing ‘‘invasibility’’) and realized plot richness (representing ‘‘community diversity’’). Realized plot richness included sown species and any invading species. These two statistical models initially included quadratic terms for seed richness and seed density and a ...
Myiarchus flycatchers are the primary seed dispersers of
... (i.e., under nurse plants) that promote germination and seedling survival (Pérez-Villafaña & Valiente-Banuet, 2009). Yet in arid environments, few microhabitats with suitable conditions exist, and certain microhabitats may in fact adversely affect seedling establishment (Calviño-Cancela & Martı́n ...
... (i.e., under nurse plants) that promote germination and seedling survival (Pérez-Villafaña & Valiente-Banuet, 2009). Yet in arid environments, few microhabitats with suitable conditions exist, and certain microhabitats may in fact adversely affect seedling establishment (Calviño-Cancela & Martı́n ...
Seed Predators and Plant Population Dynamics
... crops every year. Such extreme examples of pollinator limitation are uncommon, and the consensus is that pollination limitation of seed production is the exception rather than the rule (Bertness and Shumway, 1992; Ehrlen and Eriksson, 1995; Brody and Mitchell, 1997; Shibata et al., 1998). We have ra ...
... crops every year. Such extreme examples of pollinator limitation are uncommon, and the consensus is that pollination limitation of seed production is the exception rather than the rule (Bertness and Shumway, 1992; Ehrlen and Eriksson, 1995; Brody and Mitchell, 1997; Shibata et al., 1998). We have ra ...
Interactions Between Populations
... • Traditional approaches to population interactions have been to consider just the direct pairwise interactions • This is simplistic in that the population either interact, or they do not ...
... • Traditional approaches to population interactions have been to consider just the direct pairwise interactions • This is simplistic in that the population either interact, or they do not ...
Using seed recovery methods to determine causes of failed
... after planting and testing for viability. Emergence was measured in the field. Seed death by fungal attack was also assessed using a fungicide treatment. Overall seed death was measured by subtracting the sum of the seeds whose fates were known from the total number of planted seeds (Clark and Wilso ...
... after planting and testing for viability. Emergence was measured in the field. Seed death by fungal attack was also assessed using a fungicide treatment. Overall seed death was measured by subtracting the sum of the seeds whose fates were known from the total number of planted seeds (Clark and Wilso ...
Animals as Seed Dispersers
... (Wheelwright, 1985). Large seeds are usually borne by the plants in single-seeded fruits. S.J. Manzer and N.T. Wheelwright (unpublished) have proposed that among members of the family Lauraceae larger fruits may be relatively more elongated under selection for smaller minimum diameter. This would in ...
... (Wheelwright, 1985). Large seeds are usually borne by the plants in single-seeded fruits. S.J. Manzer and N.T. Wheelwright (unpublished) have proposed that among members of the family Lauraceae larger fruits may be relatively more elongated under selection for smaller minimum diameter. This would in ...
Banksia brownii
Banksia brownii, commonly known as Feather-leaved Banksia or Brown's Banksia, is a species of shrub that grows in southwest Western Australia. An attractive plant with fine feathery leaves and large red-brown flower spikes, it usually grows as an upright bush around two metres (7 ft) high, but can also occur as a small tree or a low spreading shrub. First collected in 1829 and published the following year, it is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, section Oncostylis, series Spicigerae. There are two genetically distinct forms.B. brownii occurs naturally only in two population clusters between Albany and the Stirling Range in southwest Western Australia. In the Stirling Range it occurs among heath on rocky mountain slopes; further south it occurs among Jarrah woodland in shallow nutrient-poor sand. It is rare and endangered in its natural habitat, with all major populations currently threatened by Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, a disease to which the species is highly susceptible. Other threats include loss of habitat, commercial exploitation and changes to the fire regime.Highly valued by Australia's horticultural and cut flower industries, B. brownii is widely cultivated in areas not exposed to dieback. It prefers a sheltered position in soil with good drainage, and must be provided with some moisture over summer.