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Probing the Primordial Universe using Massive Fields
Probing the Primordial Universe using Massive Fields

... inflation. However, there are a few caveats. First, conservation of the amplitude of the gravitational wave outside the horizon is assumed. However, this is not true in contracting universes, where the growing mode dominates over the constant mode. As a result, matter contraction, 22,23 cannot be di ...
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... The chirality of the electrons in graphene has important implications on the electronic transport in graphene. In particular, a non-trivial Berry phase is associated with the rotation of the 1/2-pseudo spinor which plays a critical role to understand the unique charge transport in graphene and nanot ...
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Real-time, real-space implementation of the linear response time

... where E (ω ) is the Fourier transform of the applied electric field, E (ω ) = Ú dt eiωt E (t ) . There are two simple and useful choices for the time profile of the electric field. One is the impulsive electric field [7] in which the potential is expressed as Vext (r , t ) = I δ(t ) rν , ...
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... (d) The positive sign indicates that the field points outward. (e) we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface whose radius places it within the shell itself. The electric field is zero at all points on the surface since any field within a conducting material would lead to current flow (and thus to a ...
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Institute for Theoretical Physics of Phase Transitions

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Quantum interference in the field ionization of Rydberg atoms

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Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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