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CHEMISTRY 1
CHEMISTRY 1

... change, ∆H, associated when gaseous cations and anions from a crystal: Na+(g) + Cl-(g)  NaCl(s) ∆H = - 788KJ Since heat is always evolved in these processes, all lattice energies have a negative sign (Energy is lost). Lattice enrgies cannot be determined directly; therefore, the law of Hess is appl ...
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... 2. The existence of the atomic nucleus was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford, who properly interpreted some experiments in which a beam of alpha particles was scattered from a metal foil of atoms such as gold. (a) If the alpha particles had a kinetic energy of 7.5 MeV, what was their de Brogli ...
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... The number of shells an atom has depends upon its number of electrons. Each shell must have its full number of electrons before a new shell starts. The outer shell of most electrons is not full. Only the atoms of the elements of Group 18 have full outer shells. ● Atoms of most metals have fewer than ...
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Rutherford backscattering spectrometry



Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science. Sometimes referred to as high-energy ion scattering (HEIS) spectrometry, RBS is used to determine the structure and composition of materials by measuring the backscattering of a beam of high energy ions (typically protons or alpha particles) impinging on a sample.
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