Introduction to Philosophy Study Guide: Logic and Critical Thinking
... What logic deals with. [It deals with the relation between the premises and the conclusion. Generally, logic cannot tell you whether the premises are in fact true or not–that is known either by common knowledge or consulting someone who has expert knowledge.] The difference between a real and an app ...
... What logic deals with. [It deals with the relation between the premises and the conclusion. Generally, logic cannot tell you whether the premises are in fact true or not–that is known either by common knowledge or consulting someone who has expert knowledge.] The difference between a real and an app ...
chapter 16
... described as being free.) If for that formula Φ we write ∀xΦ(x) or ∃xΦ(x), we say that x is now bound in Φ. A well-formed formula with no free variables is a sentence. Each sentence must be true or false, never both, never neither. ...
... described as being free.) If for that formula Φ we write ∀xΦ(x) or ∃xΦ(x), we say that x is now bound in Φ. A well-formed formula with no free variables is a sentence. Each sentence must be true or false, never both, never neither. ...
2/TRUTH-FUNCTIONS
... ForclassDiscussionsOnly.Teacher.Armand.L.Tan.AssociateProfessor. PhilosophyDepartment.SillimanUniversity s6. S.variable: letter use to symbolize statements such as p, q, r, and s. Statements are either simple such as `Roses are Red’ or compound: `Aristotle is Greek and Russell is English.’ Statement ...
... ForclassDiscussionsOnly.Teacher.Armand.L.Tan.AssociateProfessor. PhilosophyDepartment.SillimanUniversity s6. S.variable: letter use to symbolize statements such as p, q, r, and s. Statements are either simple such as `Roses are Red’ or compound: `Aristotle is Greek and Russell is English.’ Statement ...
Logic Agents and Propositional Logic
... Two families of efficient algorithms: Complete backtracking search algorithms: DPLL ...
... Two families of efficient algorithms: Complete backtracking search algorithms: DPLL ...
Exam 1 Solutions for Spring 2014
... This is a proof by contraposition. Assume that x1 is rational. By definition of a rational number, x1 = pq for some integers p and q, with q 6= 0. We also know that x1 cannot equal 0, since there is no way to divide 1 by anything and get 0. Thus, p 6= 0. It follows that x = pq , which means that x c ...
... This is a proof by contraposition. Assume that x1 is rational. By definition of a rational number, x1 = pq for some integers p and q, with q 6= 0. We also know that x1 cannot equal 0, since there is no way to divide 1 by anything and get 0. Thus, p 6= 0. It follows that x = pq , which means that x c ...
Logic of Natural Language Semantics: Presuppositions and
... d. CIs are logically and compositionally independent of what is ‘said (in the favored sense)’, i.e. independent of the at-issue entailments. In this talk, I mainly present Potts (2005) that shows a range of different empirical phenomena such as expressive expressions, appositive nominals (ANs) or ap ...
... d. CIs are logically and compositionally independent of what is ‘said (in the favored sense)’, i.e. independent of the at-issue entailments. In this talk, I mainly present Potts (2005) that shows a range of different empirical phenomena such as expressive expressions, appositive nominals (ANs) or ap ...
KNOWLEDGE
... This view entails the need to be very specific with propositions to avoid the charge that p can sometimes be true and sometimes false. The second difficulty is in the question, ‘Can propositions be distinguished from the facts that they are supposed to correspond to, and if so, how?’ ie. How do we g ...
... This view entails the need to be very specific with propositions to avoid the charge that p can sometimes be true and sometimes false. The second difficulty is in the question, ‘Can propositions be distinguished from the facts that they are supposed to correspond to, and if so, how?’ ie. How do we g ...
CHAPTER 0: WELCOME TO MATHEMATICS A Preface of Logic
... met. Thus, anyone playing the game of mathematics should agree on the truth value of a statement asserting that an object satisfies a definition. The fact that definitions and axioms are accepted without proof does not mean that anything goes. A good definition should both clarify the meaning of a t ...
... met. Thus, anyone playing the game of mathematics should agree on the truth value of a statement asserting that an object satisfies a definition. The fact that definitions and axioms are accepted without proof does not mean that anything goes. A good definition should both clarify the meaning of a t ...
Implication
... In an implicative statement, p ⇒ q, we call p the premise and q the conclusion. The first two rows make perfect sense from our linguistic understanding of ‘If p then q’, but the second two rows are more problematical. What are we to do if p is false? Note that we must do something, otherwise p ⇒ q w ...
... In an implicative statement, p ⇒ q, we call p the premise and q the conclusion. The first two rows make perfect sense from our linguistic understanding of ‘If p then q’, but the second two rows are more problematical. What are we to do if p is false? Note that we must do something, otherwise p ⇒ q w ...
Exercises: Sufficiently expressive/strong
... 3. (a) What is it for a logical theory (a deductive proof system) to be effectively decidable? (b) Is your favourite proof system for classical propositional logic effectively decidable? (c) Suppose Q is a finitely axiomatizable theory with a standard first-order logic; then show that there is a sin ...
... 3. (a) What is it for a logical theory (a deductive proof system) to be effectively decidable? (b) Is your favourite proof system for classical propositional logic effectively decidable? (c) Suppose Q is a finitely axiomatizable theory with a standard first-order logic; then show that there is a sin ...
MATH 2105 HOMEWORK SET 3, SOLUTIONS Problem 11 (3.4(34
... No one who doesn’t understand human nature can stir the human heart. None but a true poet could have written Hamlet. It us helpful to set the domain of discourse to consist of the writers, and then to identify the logical and the nonlogical terms in these statements: From sentence (1), let U (x), C( ...
... No one who doesn’t understand human nature can stir the human heart. None but a true poet could have written Hamlet. It us helpful to set the domain of discourse to consist of the writers, and then to identify the logical and the nonlogical terms in these statements: From sentence (1), let U (x), C( ...
Philosophy 515 Frege
... All that Frege has given to us so far is a theory about names of objects. Consider the sentence ‘Bob is tall’. Frege has told us what to do with ‘Bob’, but not what to do with ‘is tall’. The sense of ‘is tall’ is a function. Frege thinks of functions as unsaturated or incomplete entities. sense: a f ...
... All that Frege has given to us so far is a theory about names of objects. Consider the sentence ‘Bob is tall’. Frege has told us what to do with ‘Bob’, but not what to do with ‘is tall’. The sense of ‘is tall’ is a function. Frege thinks of functions as unsaturated or incomplete entities. sense: a f ...
One Problem with the Material Conditional
... So the denial of (G -> A) is (G & ~A) But wait! This affirms that G (the antecedent) is True and A (the consequent) is false But using our example sentence, this entails that “God exists” is True! So, counter-intuitively, the person who denies that an All-powerful being exists if God exists is logic ...
... So the denial of (G -> A) is (G & ~A) But wait! This affirms that G (the antecedent) is True and A (the consequent) is false But using our example sentence, this entails that “God exists” is True! So, counter-intuitively, the person who denies that an All-powerful being exists if God exists is logic ...
323-670 ปัญญาประดิษฐ์ (Artificial Intelligence)
... • It is equivalent to a single long sentence: the conjunction of all sentences (JerryGivingLecture (TodayIsTuesday TodayIsThursday)) JerryGivingLecture ...
... • It is equivalent to a single long sentence: the conjunction of all sentences (JerryGivingLecture (TodayIsTuesday TodayIsThursday)) JerryGivingLecture ...