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Class- VII Matter
Class- VII Matter

... is called matter.example:sugar,water,gold, nitrogen. The quantity of matter that a body contains is called mass. The space occupied by a body is called volume. Composition of matter:Matter is composed of small particles –molecules,atoms or ions. Concept of atoms and molecules: Atom is the smallest p ...
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Why High Energy Physics At UTA??

Quantum Gravity: the view from particle physics
Quantum Gravity: the view from particle physics

... implementation of this proposal invokes unusual properties which are very different from familiar QFT concepts; for instance, the finiteness properties of canonical loop quantum gravity hinge on the non-separability of the kinematical Hilbert space.4 These features are at the origin of the difficult ...
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Appendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors

... accelerate the electron which then collides with the first dynode producing more electrons as a result of the gained energy. These electron are then accelerated to a second dynode and so on producing an avalanche of electrons, which can then be detected by an ammeter. The most efficient PMTs can d ...
Astronomy Rough Notes
Astronomy Rough Notes

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Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search

instructions for the preparation of contributions to cern reports
instructions for the preparation of contributions to cern reports

... non-gravitational interactions are described by two kinds of point-like matter particles (quarks and leptons), three fundamental forces (the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions) and the Higgs sector as the origin of mass via spontaneous symmetry breaking. The Standard Model constitutes a q ...
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... move. What does that tell us? • Would a magnet affect a light from a flashlight? (you could try this at home) • Probably not. • Therefore, the cathode ray must be a ...
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... 1933: Fermi introduces 1st theory of weak interactions, analogous to QED, to explain b decay. 1935: Yukawa predicts the pion as carrier of a new, strong force to explain recently observed hadronic resonances. 1937: muon is observed in cosmic rays 1938: heavy W as mediator of weak interactions? (Klei ...
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theoretical physics in crisis

... particles dispose of many properties (charge, mass, spin, ability to interact with other particles) thanks to which they differ from one another, so they possess various qualities, manifesting them outwards. The deep internal reason for this miscellaneous qualitative manifestation of these quasi-ele ...
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... b. Two states exist for J = 1/2 baryons containing 3 different types of quarks. In the lighter baryon (Λ, Ξ, Ω, . . .) the light quarks are in an antisymmetric (J = 0) state while for the heavier baryon (Σ0 , Ξ′ , Ω′ , . . .) they are in a symmetric (J = 1) state. In this situation nq2 and nq3 are r ...
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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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