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Atoms and elements - Westmount High School
Atoms and elements - Westmount High School

... 8. The bright colours of fireworks amaze and delight us. Each colour is the result of the combustion of a specific substance. For example, potassium chloride produces a purple flame, and sodium chloride, an orange-yellow flame. Which theory, proposed by Bohr, explains this ...
String Theory - Indico
String Theory - Indico

... String Theory • Basic idea is that the fundemantal constituents of nature have extension. • The different forces and particles we see are associated to the strings internal degrees of freedom being different • Unifying idea • All matter and forces including gravity are strings. ...
Recent Developments in String Theory
Recent Developments in String Theory

Higher order corrections to Color superconducting gaps
Higher order corrections to Color superconducting gaps

... The result Eq. (2) is gauge-dependent, since all subleading contributions that lead to logarithmic divergences as in the BCS superconductivity are not taken into account. Being a physical observable, the gap ∆0 should be gauge-independent. However, if one sums the contributions partially, the result ...
The states of matter
The states of matter

... ○ In a string-net liquid, atoms have apparently unstable arrangement, like a liquid, but are still consistent in overall pattern, like a solid. ○ When in a normal solid state, the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern, so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all ...
Analysis of Cohesive Micro-Sized Particle Packing Structure
Analysis of Cohesive Micro-Sized Particle Packing Structure



Presentation Slides
Presentation Slides

September 1976 - SLAC
September 1976 - SLAC

Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics Structure of Matter
Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics Structure of Matter

... allow compatible particles to sense and react to each other’s presence through exchange of these carriers. The quarks are the heavier, tightly bound particles that make up particles like protons and neutrons. The leptons are the lighter, more loosely bound particles like electrons. ...
On the Relation between the Spin and the Magnetic Moment of the
On the Relation between the Spin and the Magnetic Moment of the

... Equation (17) is precisely the same as that given as the strength of the magnetic moment of the proton in the context of the quark model of hadrons [3]. It is seen that, as far as the lowest order of perturbation is concerned, one can employ (7), in which the spin and the magnetic moment of the prot ...
A DEM-CFD approach to predict the pressure drop through an air
A DEM-CFD approach to predict the pressure drop through an air

... contact lines. However this also changes the solid fraction of the bed and a porosity and pressure drop correction is also required (Ookawara et al., 2007). Eppinger (2010) resolved the contact point problem by flattening the particle in the region of the contact point and also particles in near con ...
Strong Interactions
Strong Interactions

No Slide Title
No Slide Title

Electroweak Unification as Classical Field Theory
Electroweak Unification as Classical Field Theory

bYTEBoss introduction
bYTEBoss introduction

Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic
Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic

Calculating gg → tt + jets at Tree Level
Calculating gg → tt + jets at Tree Level

... Nowadays, experiments at LHC are in the process of testing the standard model and theoretical predictions are required. We are interested in Feynman diagrammatic approach of gg −→ tt + n gluons which is a partonic component of pp −→ tt + jets. The results will provide background for future discoveri ...


... components in many computers these days and it is the primary device, which provides storage space for soft wares and data. In today’s hard disk drive industry, the demand for higher recording density and higher rotating speed has become more and more stringent and this requires a good understanding ...
Effective Field Theories, Reductionism and Scientific Explanation Stephan Hartmann
Effective Field Theories, Reductionism and Scientific Explanation Stephan Hartmann

Discrete Symmetries
Discrete Symmetries

Equation of State of Dense Matter and the Upper Mass Limit for
Equation of State of Dense Matter and the Upper Mass Limit for

Neutrino Mass and Direct Measurements
Neutrino Mass and Direct Measurements

... otherwise cannot be observed as the weak interaction doesn’t couple to it, or there is some other sort of mass term out there. By definition Dirac particles come in four distinct types : left- and right-handed particles, and leftand right-handed antiparticles, and are therefore represented by a 4-c ...
Beamline Instrumentation for Future Parity-Violation Experiments Robert Michaels
Beamline Instrumentation for Future Parity-Violation Experiments Robert Michaels

1. Mathematical Principles of Modern Natural Philosophy
1. Mathematical Principles of Modern Natural Philosophy

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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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