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Fish mouths as engineering structures for vortical cross-step filtration ARTICLE S. Laurie Sanderson
Fish mouths as engineering structures for vortical cross-step filtration ARTICLE S. Laurie Sanderson

... arches1,7–10 (Fig. 1a). However, the inertial lift forces employed in microfluidics devices are too low to account for the lack of contact between food particles and the gill-raker filter1, indicating that additional unidentified mechanisms are operating to prevent clogging during crossflow filtration in ...
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... Newton’s Law of Gravitation was obtained from Kepler’s Laws using macroscopic phenomena. Since the forces due to the mesonic charges of Yukawa are very weak when compared to electromagnetic forces for large distances, they seem unlikely to contribute to the gravitational attraction between bodies of ...
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The Electric Charge - The General Science Journal
The Electric Charge - The General Science Journal

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... might be too heavy for the Tevatron, but the LHC collider experiments will certainly see this ...
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... between particles containing electrical charge. The W and Z bosons mediate the weak force between particles containing weak charge. The SM does not account for gravity. Fermions are divided into two groups (quarks and leptons) and three generations. The first generation consists of a quark pair (up ...
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Harmony of Scattering Amplitudes: From gauge theory

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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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