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... faith at all can work together to design complex systems such as a packaged integrated circuit. ...
Chapter 3 Rydberg Atom Interactions
Chapter 3 Rydberg Atom Interactions

... the ionisation dynamics - if the laser has the opposite detuning to the sign of the interaction, only long-range pairs are excited which take a long time to collide. For a laser detuning equal to the interaction shift, it is now the short-range pairs that are excited leading to rapid ionisation [45, ...
The Structure of the Atom
The Structure of the Atom

Optical Tests of Nanoengineered Liquid Mirrors
Optical Tests of Nanoengineered Liquid Mirrors

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Chalmers
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Chalmers

... Such comparisons, however, have relied heavily upon the contemporary understanding of the chemical evolution, that is the constant change in the chemical composition of matter because of nuclear transformation in for example stars [1]. This predicament stems from the fact that the abundance measurem ...
Gauges - ETH Zürich
Gauges - ETH Zürich

E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. 27, 488 The Structure of the Atom E
E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. 27, 488 The Structure of the Atom E

... were deflected from their rectilinear path. I order to suffer a deflexion of more than a few degrees, the α particle has to pass very close to the nucleus, and it was assumed that the field of force in this region was not appreciably affected by the external electronic distribution. Supposing that ...
Attenuation of gamma particles
Attenuation of gamma particles

APCTP-WCU APR 16 - Y.
APCTP-WCU APR 16 - Y.

... Discussion • Another direct T-violation experiment: • T-violating asymmetry in n-d (or p-d scattering) • Neutron spin rotation in n-d scattering ...
strong interactions of hadrons at high energies - Assets
strong interactions of hadrons at high energies - Assets

Portfolio Optimization using Particle Swarm Optimization and
Portfolio Optimization using Particle Swarm Optimization and

... risk as small as possible. Markowitz proposed the mean–variance model, which has been regarded as a quadratic programming problem [7, 9]. There are a lot of efforts that have been performed by experts in order to solve and expand Markowitz’s model. In 1956, Markowitz extended the critical line metho ...
Efficiently Extracting Energy from Cosmological
Efficiently Extracting Energy from Cosmological

... phase transitions where particle species that were initially in thermal equilibrium decoupled from each other. The most relativistic of these particles have been free-streaming through the universe until the present day, and therefore can carry information about the state of the early universe to de ...
Mean Multiplicity of Quark and Gluon Jets as a Function of Opening
Mean Multiplicity of Quark and Gluon Jets as a Function of Opening

Superstring Theory
Superstring Theory

Statistical Models of Solvation
Statistical Models of Solvation

We don`t generally encounter forces, even in our theoretical studies
We don`t generally encounter forces, even in our theoretical studies

The Discovery of Dirac Equation and its Impact on Present
The Discovery of Dirac Equation and its Impact on Present

... that this letter of Dirac (1929) announces a monumental change in physical theory. The simple problem of the scattering of a photon on an electron is no longer a 2-body problem. It is recognised to be an infinite body problem. The same thing happens in every process. For instance, this was demonstra ...
A framework for studying synaptic plasticity with neural spike train data
A framework for studying synaptic plasticity with neural spike train data

... weight trajectory, our algorithm is able to explore the space of adjacency matrices more efficiently. We capitalize on a number of other opportunities for computational efficiency as well. For example, if the learning rule factors into independent updates for each Wn0 →n (t), then we can update each ...


Summarising Constraints On Dark Matter At The Large Hadron
Summarising Constraints On Dark Matter At The Large Hadron

Counterion Penetration and Effective Electrostatic Interactions in
Counterion Penetration and Effective Electrostatic Interactions in

Particle Based Visualization of Stress Distribution Caused by the Aortic Valve Deformation
Particle Based Visualization of Stress Distribution Caused by the Aortic Valve Deformation

Gapless layered three-dimensional fractional quantum Hall states
Gapless layered three-dimensional fractional quantum Hall states

... to the interlayer tunneling strength? We believe that this intermediate tunneling strength regime is both experimentally accessible and theoretically novel. Answering these questions definitively for a specific microscopic model is quite challenging and likely requires extensive numerical calculatio ...
Dark Z boson and Parity Violation
Dark Z boson and Parity Violation

Zein-Eddine Meziani
Zein-Eddine Meziani

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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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