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Schizophrenia - Bakersfield College
Schizophrenia - Bakersfield College

... A final environmental risk factor for development of schizophrenia is maternal substance abuse—particularly smoking. Zammit et al. (2009) studied the effects of maternal use of tobacco, cannabis or alcohol during pregnancy and found that tobacco use was ...
Germ of Paralysis
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Mental Disorders - University of Alberta

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... of American psychiatrists dissatisfied with the broad and apparently unreliable approach of the Bleulerian school. As a sign of their break, they identified themselves as the neo-Kraepelinian movement9,10 or the neo-Kraepelinian revolution.11 The neo-Kraepelinians argued that mental illnesses were d ...
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Sluggish schizophrenia

Sluggish schizophrenia or slow progressive schizophrenia (Russian: вялотеку́щая шизофрени́я, vyalotekushchaya shizofreniya) is a diagnostic category that describes a form of schizophrenia characterized by a slowly progressive course; it can be diagnosed even in a patient who shows no symptoms of schizophrenia or other psychosis, on the assumption that these symptoms will appear later. It was developed in the 1960s by Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Snezhnevsky and his colleagues, and was used exclusively in the USSR and several Eastern Bloc countries, until the fall of Communism starting in 1989. It has never been used or recognized in Western countries, or by international organizations such as the World Health Organization. It is considered a prime example of the political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union.Sluggish schizophrenia was the most infamous of diagnoses used by Soviet psychiatrists, due to its usage against political dissidents. After being discharged from a hospital, persons diagnosed with sluggish schizophrenia were deprived of their civic rights, employability, and credibility. The usage of this diagnosis has been internationally condemned.In the Russian version of the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), which has long been used throughout present-day Russia, sluggish schizophrenia is no longer listed as a form of schizophrenia, but it is still included as a schizotypal disorder in section F21 of chapter V.According to Sergei Jargin, the same Russian term ""vyalotekushchaya"" for sluggish schizophrenia continues to be used and is now translated in English summaries of articles not as ""sluggish"" but as ""slow progressive.""
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