What Is a Host? - Washington University in St. Louis
... pounding this problem was the application of molecular biology to the study of microbial pathogenicity beginning in the 1970s. This line of research, which attempted to identify specific microbial genes that conferred virulence, reinforced microbe-centrism. Some knowledge gained from these studies r ...
... pounding this problem was the application of molecular biology to the study of microbial pathogenicity beginning in the 1970s. This line of research, which attempted to identify specific microbial genes that conferred virulence, reinforced microbe-centrism. Some knowledge gained from these studies r ...
The survival kit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... Although ICL1 and ICL2 of M. tuberculosis are also essential for a second biochemical pathway that is required for growth of M. tuberculosis on odd-chain fatty acids (the methylcitrate cycle)4,5, the observed essentiality of isocitrate lyase activity for in vivo growth is more likely to be explained ...
... Although ICL1 and ICL2 of M. tuberculosis are also essential for a second biochemical pathway that is required for growth of M. tuberculosis on odd-chain fatty acids (the methylcitrate cycle)4,5, the observed essentiality of isocitrate lyase activity for in vivo growth is more likely to be explained ...
Invertebrate Immune Systems
... (2, 3), whereas shrimp produce penaeidins, crustins, and hemocyanin-derived peptides (5, 16). As well as AMPs, both insects and crustaceans use a variety of antimicrobial enzymes such as lysozyme. Lectins, either free in the blood (hemolymph) or associated with the hemocytes, may act as both ...
... (2, 3), whereas shrimp produce penaeidins, crustins, and hemocyanin-derived peptides (5, 16). As well as AMPs, both insects and crustaceans use a variety of antimicrobial enzymes such as lysozyme. Lectins, either free in the blood (hemolymph) or associated with the hemocytes, may act as both ...
Plant Responses to Sugar Starvation
... protein kinases (MAPKs), and protein phosphatases, 14-3-3 proteins, Ca2+ ions as a second messenger, and G-proteins (Rolland et al. 2006) in sugar signal transduction (Rolland et al. 2002, Sinha et al. 2002). However, it must be stressed that HXK plays a significant role as a component of the sugar ...
... protein kinases (MAPKs), and protein phosphatases, 14-3-3 proteins, Ca2+ ions as a second messenger, and G-proteins (Rolland et al. 2006) in sugar signal transduction (Rolland et al. 2002, Sinha et al. 2002). However, it must be stressed that HXK plays a significant role as a component of the sugar ...
Host Pathogen Interactions: Is Arabidopsis thaliana
... depending on whether the antigen is viral, cancerous, or more macroscopic (bacterial or parasitic) in nature, either cytotoxic T (TC) cells or plasma B cells are activated (Figure 1). TC cells execute altered self cells, while plasma B cells secrete antibodies to target invading pathogens (Figure 1) ...
... depending on whether the antigen is viral, cancerous, or more macroscopic (bacterial or parasitic) in nature, either cytotoxic T (TC) cells or plasma B cells are activated (Figure 1). TC cells execute altered self cells, while plasma B cells secrete antibodies to target invading pathogens (Figure 1) ...
Probiotics or antibiotics: future challenges in medicine
... progressive acquisition and accumulation of plasmidmediated resistance determinants occurred from 1984 to 1998 in nontyphoid Salmonella isolates of the most prevalent serovars from Argentina. It is suggested that antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms in these bacteria may have been the consequence of ...
... progressive acquisition and accumulation of plasmidmediated resistance determinants occurred from 1984 to 1998 in nontyphoid Salmonella isolates of the most prevalent serovars from Argentina. It is suggested that antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms in these bacteria may have been the consequence of ...
Extracellular milieu grossly alters pathogen
... Bauer et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2015) 11:172 ...
... Bauer et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2015) 11:172 ...
Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in receptor kinase
... leading to the onset of a multitude of cellular processes [4,5]. Phosphorylation ...
... leading to the onset of a multitude of cellular processes [4,5]. Phosphorylation ...
Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems
... bearing antigen-specific surface receptors that recognize specific antigenic configurations of pathogens and respond by triggering cellular (cytotoxic T-cells) and humoral (antibodies) effectors. In addition to specificity, acquired immunity differs from innate immunity in its ability to establish a ...
... bearing antigen-specific surface receptors that recognize specific antigenic configurations of pathogens and respond by triggering cellular (cytotoxic T-cells) and humoral (antibodies) effectors. In addition to specificity, acquired immunity differs from innate immunity in its ability to establish a ...
Pathogens, Infection, and Innate Immunity
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
Plague - Labor Spiez
... the 14th century. The Tatars catapulted their plague-ridden corpses over the city walls of Kaffa (now the Crimean peninsula). As a result of their actions, they were able to capture the city within days. Survivors of this war, who managed to escape to Europe, were the source of the plague epidemic t ...
... the 14th century. The Tatars catapulted their plague-ridden corpses over the city walls of Kaffa (now the Crimean peninsula). As a result of their actions, they were able to capture the city within days. Survivors of this war, who managed to escape to Europe, were the source of the plague epidemic t ...
Biodiversity of genes encoding anti-microbial traits within
... Mupirocin is derived from acetate units incorporated into monic acid A and 9—hydroxynonanoic acid via polyketide synthesis (Whatling et al., 1995). At the molecular level, the mupirocin biosynthetic gene cluster (mup operon) in P. fluorescens is complex, and includes 6 Type I polyketide synthases th ...
... Mupirocin is derived from acetate units incorporated into monic acid A and 9—hydroxynonanoic acid via polyketide synthesis (Whatling et al., 1995). At the molecular level, the mupirocin biosynthetic gene cluster (mup operon) in P. fluorescens is complex, and includes 6 Type I polyketide synthases th ...
Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System
... Most studies using lentiviral vectors have used powerful constitutive promoters such as PGK1, CMV, CAG, and EF1 (see citations in Ramezani et al., 2000). This is pragmatic and rational for nontoxic transgenes with a broad therapeutic window, if expression in nontarget cells is not an issue and if t ...
... Most studies using lentiviral vectors have used powerful constitutive promoters such as PGK1, CMV, CAG, and EF1 (see citations in Ramezani et al., 2000). This is pragmatic and rational for nontoxic transgenes with a broad therapeutic window, if expression in nontarget cells is not an issue and if t ...
the quest for a universal vaccine
... potential to leap species barriers. The binding sites of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, both proteins found on the surface of influenza virus (see Figure 1), mutate readily (antigenic drift), which keeps the strain circulating. Pandemic strains arise through antigenic shifts, where a new subtype ...
... potential to leap species barriers. The binding sites of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, both proteins found on the surface of influenza virus (see Figure 1), mutate readily (antigenic drift), which keeps the strain circulating. Pandemic strains arise through antigenic shifts, where a new subtype ...
Optimal immune defence in the light of variation in lifespan
... The costs associated with defence can either be due to trade-offs with other defence mechanisms or through other determinants of fitness in the host. Trade-offs within the immune system can be examined by correlations within defence traits such that, for example, high avoidance results in lower reco ...
... The costs associated with defence can either be due to trade-offs with other defence mechanisms or through other determinants of fitness in the host. Trade-offs within the immune system can be examined by correlations within defence traits such that, for example, high avoidance results in lower reco ...
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-A model system for tissue culture
... for specific mutations at cellular level and to regenerate plants from selected cell lines for specific mutations at cellular level, and to regenerate field plants", Various types of chemical and physical mutagens have been applied to callus, cell suspensions or protoplasts in attempts to isolate de ...
... for specific mutations at cellular level and to regenerate plants from selected cell lines for specific mutations at cellular level, and to regenerate field plants", Various types of chemical and physical mutagens have been applied to callus, cell suspensions or protoplasts in attempts to isolate de ...
Pseudomonas syringae Virulence Factor Syringolin A Counteracts
... of defense, plants have evolved effector recognition systems that trigger a strong but race-specific defense response (effectortriggered immunity) (ETI) that often involves programmed cell death (Jones and Dangl 2006). To cause disease, plant pathogens have to invade host tissue. It has recently bee ...
... of defense, plants have evolved effector recognition systems that trigger a strong but race-specific defense response (effectortriggered immunity) (ETI) that often involves programmed cell death (Jones and Dangl 2006). To cause disease, plant pathogens have to invade host tissue. It has recently bee ...
non-specific stressors in innate immunity
... resources could have been used for construction of stressresistant defences, for repair, or for simply surviving until the stress had passed. As expected, cells are most vulnerable to heat and oxidative stress during replication [11–13]; and mitosis, protein synthesis (particularly folding), and rib ...
... resources could have been used for construction of stressresistant defences, for repair, or for simply surviving until the stress had passed. As expected, cells are most vulnerable to heat and oxidative stress during replication [11–13]; and mitosis, protein synthesis (particularly folding), and rib ...
The Human Intestinal Microbiome: A New Frontier
... other minor taxonomic divisions are quite diverse. Besides these ‘snapshot’ analyses of the intestinal microbiota composition, other long-term surveys have been performed to follow both the overall composition and that of limited members over periods ranging from several months up to 2 years.10,22 – ...
... other minor taxonomic divisions are quite diverse. Besides these ‘snapshot’ analyses of the intestinal microbiota composition, other long-term surveys have been performed to follow both the overall composition and that of limited members over periods ranging from several months up to 2 years.10,22 – ...
Hydrogen Peroxide and Plant Stress: A Challenging
... flow was reduced (as indicated by an increase in the formate pool), preventing its return to the Calvin cycle. However, only when the capacity for H2O2 reduction was additionally challenged by enhanced photorespiratory conditions, did H2O2 concentrations increase. Similar manipulations have also bee ...
... flow was reduced (as indicated by an increase in the formate pool), preventing its return to the Calvin cycle. However, only when the capacity for H2O2 reduction was additionally challenged by enhanced photorespiratory conditions, did H2O2 concentrations increase. Similar manipulations have also bee ...
Regulatory Shifts in Plastid Transcription Play a Key Role in
... tissues are exposed to light. This strongly suggests that the transition from proplastids/eoplasts into chloroplasts is actively inhibited in these tissues, likely by internal factors. Recent studies have demonstrated that the developmental block of chloroplast development in Arabidopsis roots can b ...
... tissues are exposed to light. This strongly suggests that the transition from proplastids/eoplasts into chloroplasts is actively inhibited in these tissues, likely by internal factors. Recent studies have demonstrated that the developmental block of chloroplast development in Arabidopsis roots can b ...
Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Virulence Factors and the
... polypeptide that was apparently processed at the carboxy-terminal end to generate P.69. Examination of the protein sequence revealed two repeated sequences, one rich in glycine and the other rich in proline. These regions may help divide the protein into functioned domains. P.69 and P.93 protein equ ...
... polypeptide that was apparently processed at the carboxy-terminal end to generate P.69. Examination of the protein sequence revealed two repeated sequences, one rich in glycine and the other rich in proline. These regions may help divide the protein into functioned domains. P.69 and P.93 protein equ ...
Understanding plant responses to drought— from genes to
... competitive ability of plants to survive under different environments. But it was the research into the molecular processes involved in tolerance and resistance to stresses, including drought, that received special attention (Ingram and Bartels 1996; Bohnert and Sheveleva 1998). Nevertheless, there ...
... competitive ability of plants to survive under different environments. But it was the research into the molecular processes involved in tolerance and resistance to stresses, including drought, that received special attention (Ingram and Bartels 1996; Bohnert and Sheveleva 1998). Nevertheless, there ...
What are worms and why are they harmful? Parasites such as gut
... worms then produce eggs passing on their resistance to further generations. Over time the population of resistant worms grows. The development of wormer resistance is a huge problem and there are farms in the UK which have wormer resistance to all 3 main classes of wormer. Without the development of ...
... worms then produce eggs passing on their resistance to further generations. Over time the population of resistant worms grows. The development of wormer resistance is a huge problem and there are farms in the UK which have wormer resistance to all 3 main classes of wormer. Without the development of ...
Here - Vanderbilt University
... to 100,000‑fold reduction in parasites numbers and the ookinete to oocyst transformation that occurs on the basal side of the midgut experiences parasite losses of 5 to 100‑fold.34 The bases for these parasite reductions are complex, but include lytic and melanization events that are controlled by p ...
... to 100,000‑fold reduction in parasites numbers and the ookinete to oocyst transformation that occurs on the basal side of the midgut experiences parasite losses of 5 to 100‑fold.34 The bases for these parasite reductions are complex, but include lytic and melanization events that are controlled by p ...