Electromagnetic forces for an arbitrary optical trapping of a spherical
... missing mechanical measurements in the world of microorganisms and cells that could be correlated to biochemical information. The importance of understanding the optical forces in dielectric beads under different incident beam conditions comes from the fact that they are the natural transducer for f ...
... missing mechanical measurements in the world of microorganisms and cells that could be correlated to biochemical information. The importance of understanding the optical forces in dielectric beads under different incident beam conditions comes from the fact that they are the natural transducer for f ...
Forensic Science
... together by an optical bridge to a common eyepiece lens. •When a viewer looks through the eyepiece lens of the comparison microscope, the objects under investigation are observed side-by-side in a circular field that is equally divided into two parts. •Modern firearms examination began with the intr ...
... together by an optical bridge to a common eyepiece lens. •When a viewer looks through the eyepiece lens of the comparison microscope, the objects under investigation are observed side-by-side in a circular field that is equally divided into two parts. •Modern firearms examination began with the intr ...
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... 3. Interference of all possible paths of light wave from source to observer — it results in destructive interference everywhere except extrema of phase (where interference is constructive)—which become actual paths. 4. Application of the general boundary conditions of Maxwell equations for electro ...
... 3. Interference of all possible paths of light wave from source to observer — it results in destructive interference everywhere except extrema of phase (where interference is constructive)—which become actual paths. 4. Application of the general boundary conditions of Maxwell equations for electro ...
Strategies for the compensation of specimen
... We now look at the effects of using the iris to reduce the pupil size (effective NA) when focusing to a certain depth in the dermis. The specifications of the lenses we consider are typical of those currently commercially available. For all the following examples we take the wavelength of the illumi ...
... We now look at the effects of using the iris to reduce the pupil size (effective NA) when focusing to a certain depth in the dermis. The specifications of the lenses we consider are typical of those currently commercially available. For all the following examples we take the wavelength of the illumi ...
Generalized phase diffraction gratings with tailored intensity
... determined in order to achieve the highest η possible. Second, the amplitudes μk are included in the optimization to distribute the energy among the target-diffracted orders. The optimization of Eqs. (2)–(5) can be performed with advanced numerical tools. We used the solver routine in Microsoft Exce ...
... determined in order to achieve the highest η possible. Second, the amplitudes μk are included in the optimization to distribute the energy among the target-diffracted orders. The optimization of Eqs. (2)–(5) can be performed with advanced numerical tools. We used the solver routine in Microsoft Exce ...
YourFirstTelescope
... The focal length of the telescope is determined by the light bending design of the objective lens or the primary mirror and is measured from the point where light bending or reflecting begins and ends at the focal plane where the light rays cross. These concepts are discussed in more detail under th ...
... The focal length of the telescope is determined by the light bending design of the objective lens or the primary mirror and is measured from the point where light bending or reflecting begins and ends at the focal plane where the light rays cross. These concepts are discussed in more detail under th ...
The creation and annihilation of optical vortices using cascade
... Here R is the transverse cone-centred position, kP k ( Px , Py ) kP(cosP ,sin P ) is the transverse wave vector, I is the identity matrix, and k = n2k0 is the crystal wave-number. R0 is the radius of the cylindrical beam emerging from the crystal. When the input beam is focussed on the entranc ...
... Here R is the transverse cone-centred position, kP k ( Px , Py ) kP(cosP ,sin P ) is the transverse wave vector, I is the identity matrix, and k = n2k0 is the crystal wave-number. R0 is the radius of the cylindrical beam emerging from the crystal. When the input beam is focussed on the entranc ...
Lecture 18
... performance of optical microscope can be characterized by the modulation transfer function (MTF) • MTF is measurement of microscope's ability to transfer contrast from the specimen to the image plane at specific resolution. • Incorporates resolution and contrast into one specification ...
... performance of optical microscope can be characterized by the modulation transfer function (MTF) • MTF is measurement of microscope's ability to transfer contrast from the specimen to the image plane at specific resolution. • Incorporates resolution and contrast into one specification ...
Interferometric back focal plane microellipsometry
... from the interferograms. In Eq. ~13!, In is the measured intensity at each pixel in the nth frame. Two sets of interferogram data are recorded per d measurement: The first has input polarization orthogonal to that of the second. The difference in the two resulting phase maps is calculated to obtain ...
... from the interferograms. In Eq. ~13!, In is the measured intensity at each pixel in the nth frame. Two sets of interferogram data are recorded per d measurement: The first has input polarization orthogonal to that of the second. The difference in the two resulting phase maps is calculated to obtain ...
Simulating and optimizing compound refractive lens-based X
... lenses (Kang et al., 2006); (ii) total reflection, such as in Kirkpatrick–Baez (Kirkpatrick & Baez, 1948) and Wolter (Wolter, 1952) mirrors, and lobster-eye (Inneman et al., 1999) and Kumakhov (Kumakhov & Komarov, 1990) lenses; and (iii) refraction, such as in prisms (Cederstrom et al., 2000) and co ...
... lenses (Kang et al., 2006); (ii) total reflection, such as in Kirkpatrick–Baez (Kirkpatrick & Baez, 1948) and Wolter (Wolter, 1952) mirrors, and lobster-eye (Inneman et al., 1999) and Kumakhov (Kumakhov & Komarov, 1990) lenses; and (iii) refraction, such as in prisms (Cederstrom et al., 2000) and co ...
Airy disk
In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy.The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly-illuminated circular aperture has a bright region in the center, known as the Airy disk which together with the series of concentric bright rings around is called the Airy pattern. Both are named after George Biddell Airy. The disk and rings phenomenon had been known prior to Airy; John Herschel described the appearance of a bright star seen through a telescope under high magnification for an 1828 article on light for the Encyclopedia Metropolitana:...the star is then seen (in favourable circumstances of tranquil atmosphere, uniform temperature, &c.) as a perfectly round, well-defined planetary disc, surrounded by two, three, or more alternately dark and bright rings, which, if examined attentively, are seen to be slightly coloured at their borders. They succeed each other nearly at equal intervals round the central disc....However, Airy wrote the first full theoretical treatment explaining the phenomenon (his 1835 ""On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture"").Mathematically, the diffraction pattern is characterized by the wavelength of light illuminating the circular aperture, and the aperture's size. The appearance of the diffraction pattern is additionally characterized by the sensitivity of the eye or other detector used to observe the pattern.The most important application of this concept is in cameras and telescopes. Owing to diffraction, the smallest point to which a lens or mirror can focus a beam of light is the size of the Airy disk. Even if one were able to make a perfect lens, there is still a limit to the resolution of an image created by this lens. An optical system in which the resolution is no longer limited by imperfections in the lenses but only by diffraction is said to be diffraction limited.