University of Groningen Unraveling structure and dynamics by
... The working principle of the confocal microscope is based on the introduction of a confocal aperture, generally an adjustable pinhole, in the conjugated image plan of a fluorescence microscope.[12] Figure 2.5 shows the scheme of the optical path in a modern confocal microscope in inverted configurat ...
... The working principle of the confocal microscope is based on the introduction of a confocal aperture, generally an adjustable pinhole, in the conjugated image plan of a fluorescence microscope.[12] Figure 2.5 shows the scheme of the optical path in a modern confocal microscope in inverted configurat ...
Fabrication of elliptically figured mirror for focusing hard x rays to
... the new stitching system, several partial profiles covering the entire area, which are measured using the Fizeau interferometer, are stitched to create an entire surface profile, utilizing the stitching angles determined not by the general method using a common area between neighboring shots, but by ...
... the new stitching system, several partial profiles covering the entire area, which are measured using the Fizeau interferometer, are stitched to create an entire surface profile, utilizing the stitching angles determined not by the general method using a common area between neighboring shots, but by ...
Beam shaping based on intermediate zone diffraction of a micro
... amplitudes of the partial fields appear minimal in such directions; while diffraction intensity in these directions takes its maxima in far field. As for calculation with the R–S formula, it neglects perturbation on initial field within the aperture and near field interactions at the metal screen su ...
... amplitudes of the partial fields appear minimal in such directions; while diffraction intensity in these directions takes its maxima in far field. As for calculation with the R–S formula, it neglects perturbation on initial field within the aperture and near field interactions at the metal screen su ...
Measuring polyelectrolyte charges using a colloidal charge sensor
... However, obtaining the absolute number of charges on a particle from these measurements is highly problematic and theoretically challenging. Our lab has developed a colloidal charge sensor, which measures the absolute charge on colloids based on a thermodynamic principle called the Donnan equilibriu ...
... However, obtaining the absolute number of charges on a particle from these measurements is highly problematic and theoretically challenging. Our lab has developed a colloidal charge sensor, which measures the absolute charge on colloids based on a thermodynamic principle called the Donnan equilibriu ...
Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for Chemical
... requires one to form images with electrons diffracted into an annular aperture centered on, but not including, the unscattered beam. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e. where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark. Dark field studies in transmission electron microsc ...
... requires one to form images with electrons diffracted into an annular aperture centered on, but not including, the unscattered beam. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e. where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark. Dark field studies in transmission electron microsc ...
Optical Doppler Effect in a Medium C. H. Chang, J. H. Hsiao, and
... to be 2h/u0y = 2h/(c/n 1 − (v/c)2 ). In other words, ∆t0 = ∆t/ 1 − (v/c)2 without any mentioning of n. Voila! The indication seems to be that nothing needs to be changed in the Lorentz transformation. Why is that? Isn’t the speed of light changed in the medium? The reason is that, when we postulated ...
... to be 2h/u0y = 2h/(c/n 1 − (v/c)2 ). In other words, ∆t0 = ∆t/ 1 − (v/c)2 without any mentioning of n. Voila! The indication seems to be that nothing needs to be changed in the Lorentz transformation. Why is that? Isn’t the speed of light changed in the medium? The reason is that, when we postulated ...
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REFRACTIVE INDICES AND
... The liquid crystal was encapsulated in a cell with plane-parallel glass plates, prepared to provide a planar and uniaxial alignment of the molecules. The cell with liquid crystal was thermostated using a special electric oven and temperature was measured with a digital thermometer with accuracy of 0 ...
... The liquid crystal was encapsulated in a cell with plane-parallel glass plates, prepared to provide a planar and uniaxial alignment of the molecules. The cell with liquid crystal was thermostated using a special electric oven and temperature was measured with a digital thermometer with accuracy of 0 ...
肖连团 - 山西大学
... Can we really catch hold of a single molecule? Single molecule studies do not mean taking one molecule and analyzing it. Its only that we are detecting one molecule at a time. Detection volume is 1 m3. When a fluorophore traverses the laser excitation volume, a fluorescence photon burst i ...
... Can we really catch hold of a single molecule? Single molecule studies do not mean taking one molecule and analyzing it. Its only that we are detecting one molecule at a time. Detection volume is 1 m3. When a fluorophore traverses the laser excitation volume, a fluorescence photon burst i ...
Excited State Processes and Application to Lasers The technology
... Stimulated emission is only practical from a singlet state. The ideal laser material has a large absorption, and therefore stimulated emission, coefficient. However, spontaneous emission can compete with the stimulated emission. In practice organic laser dyes are fluorophores as well. 2.0 Lasers The ...
... Stimulated emission is only practical from a singlet state. The ideal laser material has a large absorption, and therefore stimulated emission, coefficient. However, spontaneous emission can compete with the stimulated emission. In practice organic laser dyes are fluorophores as well. 2.0 Lasers The ...
Activity (chemistry) - Chemical Engineering
... pressure and composition of the mixture, among other things. For gases, the effective partial pressure is usually referred to as fugacity. The difference between activity and other measures of composition arises because molecules in nonideal gases or solutions interact with each other, either to att ...
... pressure and composition of the mixture, among other things. For gases, the effective partial pressure is usually referred to as fugacity. The difference between activity and other measures of composition arises because molecules in nonideal gases or solutions interact with each other, either to att ...
High optical absorption in graphene
... plasmon-polaritons rather than directly to incoming photons, has been described [2]. Graphene based sensors are another area of importance, where it has been suggested [3] that graphene ribbons can be used to convert molecular signatures to electrical signals based on graphene plasmons being very se ...
... plasmon-polaritons rather than directly to incoming photons, has been described [2]. Graphene based sensors are another area of importance, where it has been suggested [3] that graphene ribbons can be used to convert molecular signatures to electrical signals based on graphene plasmons being very se ...
Ultracompact high-efficiency polarizing beam splitter with a hybrid
... The use of hybrid photonic crystal (PhC) and conventional waveguide (CWG) structures was recently proposed as a way to achieve ultracompact planar lightwave circuits.1 Hybrid structures are formed by integration of a two-dimensional PhC region with CWGs to manipulate the direction of light propagati ...
... The use of hybrid photonic crystal (PhC) and conventional waveguide (CWG) structures was recently proposed as a way to achieve ultracompact planar lightwave circuits.1 Hybrid structures are formed by integration of a two-dimensional PhC region with CWGs to manipulate the direction of light propagati ...
Khonkaenwittayayon School
... Know what happens when an electron jumps from one orbit to a more stable one. Know how many electrons each energy level can hold. Know what particles an atom is made of and where each type of particle is located within the atom. Know what keeps the electrons in the atom. Know what holds the nucleus ...
... Know what happens when an electron jumps from one orbit to a more stable one. Know how many electrons each energy level can hold. Know what particles an atom is made of and where each type of particle is located within the atom. Know what keeps the electrons in the atom. Know what holds the nucleus ...
PHYS 202 Notes, Week 10
... In other words, you can basically just sum up the individual displacements to get the total result. In the case of light, what we mean by “displacement” is the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field forming the wave. One concept that we need to introduce is that of phase. Phase basically tells ...
... In other words, you can basically just sum up the individual displacements to get the total result. In the case of light, what we mean by “displacement” is the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field forming the wave. One concept that we need to introduce is that of phase. Phase basically tells ...
The Chemistry of Excited States
... usually observed in room-temperature fluid solution, but can be observed (at = 670 nm) in the solid-state or when the compound is dissolved in a solid-state host medium. Excitation of an [Ru(bpy)3]2+ solution using ex = 450 nm results in intense red phosphorescence centered at ~610 nm, originatin ...
... usually observed in room-temperature fluid solution, but can be observed (at = 670 nm) in the solid-state or when the compound is dissolved in a solid-state host medium. Excitation of an [Ru(bpy)3]2+ solution using ex = 450 nm results in intense red phosphorescence centered at ~610 nm, originatin ...
Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Imaging based on Raman free induction decay
... the molecules remain in the electronic ground state, photobleaching and damage to delicate biological samples is minimized. However, CARS detection is not background free. Electronic contributions to the third-order susceptibility from the sample and solvent cause a nonresonant background signal, wh ...
... the molecules remain in the electronic ground state, photobleaching and damage to delicate biological samples is minimized. However, CARS detection is not background free. Electronic contributions to the third-order susceptibility from the sample and solvent cause a nonresonant background signal, wh ...
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent (near-UV and near-infrared [NIR]) ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecules undergo electronic transitions. This technique is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the ground state, while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state.