Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) Technology
... mirrors were eventually replaced by epitaxial grown mirrors, as in the case of distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs). Since 1992 VCSEL has undergone extensive studies and with more efficient optical materials available for VCSEL construction, threshold currents quickly entered the submilliampere rang ...
... mirrors were eventually replaced by epitaxial grown mirrors, as in the case of distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs). Since 1992 VCSEL has undergone extensive studies and with more efficient optical materials available for VCSEL construction, threshold currents quickly entered the submilliampere rang ...
NONLINEAR OPTICS BASICS Units and Nomenclature
... conversion factor. Equally important is the spectrum of a short pulse. The optical bandwidth determines the lower limit of temporal compression; such ideally compressed pulses are said to be ‘transform limited’. If different components of the spectrum can be distinguished at specific positions on th ...
... conversion factor. Equally important is the spectrum of a short pulse. The optical bandwidth determines the lower limit of temporal compression; such ideally compressed pulses are said to be ‘transform limited’. If different components of the spectrum can be distinguished at specific positions on th ...
T. J. Kippenberg, , 1172 (2008); DOI: 10.1126/science.1156032
... displacement measurement, two fundamental sources of imprecision Fig. 2. (A) Dynamic back-action results from the coupling of the mechanical oscillator period and creates an exist (Fig. 1C). First, there is the motion to the fluctuations of the intracavity field amplitude (da), which occurs effectiv ...
... displacement measurement, two fundamental sources of imprecision Fig. 2. (A) Dynamic back-action results from the coupling of the mechanical oscillator period and creates an exist (Fig. 1C). First, there is the motion to the fluctuations of the intracavity field amplitude (da), which occurs effectiv ...
Measurement of the THz emission from a femtosecond laser filament
... the residual infrared light of the laserb). The total transmission of this permanent set of filters allowed detecting radiation between 0.1 and 2.7 THz (see inset in Figure 1 case A). In addition, three optional filters (B, C and D in Figure 1), whose transmissions had been measured with a THz spect ...
... the residual infrared light of the laserb). The total transmission of this permanent set of filters allowed detecting radiation between 0.1 and 2.7 THz (see inset in Figure 1 case A). In addition, three optional filters (B, C and D in Figure 1), whose transmissions had been measured with a THz spect ...
Bending and Strain Sensitivities in a Helicoidal Long
... 1300 m and twisting rate was 1.4 /s at both fiber ends to result in the total twisting rate of 2.8 /s. The helical periodic structure was formed by twisting and moving a fiber at constant transverse speed of 10 m s under CO laser irradiation. When the CO laser beam passes through, the fiber rapidly ...
... 1300 m and twisting rate was 1.4 /s at both fiber ends to result in the total twisting rate of 2.8 /s. The helical periodic structure was formed by twisting and moving a fiber at constant transverse speed of 10 m s under CO laser irradiation. When the CO laser beam passes through, the fiber rapidly ...
2001 - Institute of Applied Physics - Friedrich-Schiller
... combining large angles of profiles and non-paraxial incident waves may lead to spherical aberrations. In this case it is necessary to use special design methods which consider these effects. We want to present a special beam shaping task for an application in safety engineering, in which beam shapin ...
... combining large angles of profiles and non-paraxial incident waves may lead to spherical aberrations. In this case it is necessary to use special design methods which consider these effects. We want to present a special beam shaping task for an application in safety engineering, in which beam shapin ...
Low-Density Plasmas Below the Optical Breakdown Threshold
... and other biological media.13 For convenience, we shall therefore focus attention on plasma formation in pure water. Whereas the optical breakdown in gases leads to the generation of free electrons and ions, it must be noted that in condensed matter electrons are either bound to a particular molecul ...
... and other biological media.13 For convenience, we shall therefore focus attention on plasma formation in pure water. Whereas the optical breakdown in gases leads to the generation of free electrons and ions, it must be noted that in condensed matter electrons are either bound to a particular molecul ...
electromagnetically induced transparency - IAP TU
... direction in nonlinear optics. Therefore, the concept of EIT has contributed a distinctive new thrust to work on atomic coherence and its applications—a thrust, which is of direct interest to optical scientists and engineers. To explain the basic idea and applications of EIT, an equivalent picture t ...
... direction in nonlinear optics. Therefore, the concept of EIT has contributed a distinctive new thrust to work on atomic coherence and its applications—a thrust, which is of direct interest to optical scientists and engineers. To explain the basic idea and applications of EIT, an equivalent picture t ...
Stabilization of circular Rydberg atoms by circularly - BORA
... mechanics. For the simplest atomic system in nature, hydrogen, which has a binding energy of 13.6 eV, absorption of a single photon with an energy exceeding this value will induce direct breakup of the system. With increasing photon flux, additional photons can be absorbed, giving rise to multiphoton ...
... mechanics. For the simplest atomic system in nature, hydrogen, which has a binding energy of 13.6 eV, absorption of a single photon with an energy exceeding this value will induce direct breakup of the system. With increasing photon flux, additional photons can be absorbed, giving rise to multiphoton ...
Chapter 2 – Review of length measuring interferometers
... into two. After travelling along the reference and measurement paths the beams interfere with each other and are split again. One beam is given an extra phase difference of π/4 to produce two orthogonal outputs for example by using a quarterwave plate, as in figure 2.1, or by using a specially coate ...
... into two. After travelling along the reference and measurement paths the beams interfere with each other and are split again. One beam is given an extra phase difference of π/4 to produce two orthogonal outputs for example by using a quarterwave plate, as in figure 2.1, or by using a specially coate ...
Doppler-Free Spectroscopy of Iodine at 739nm
... probes to study atomic and molecular structures in detail, but also that those techniques have revolutionized and set new standard of modern day metrology. Both goals are often very relevant and are usually approached iteratively. By that the acquired high resolution spectra provide absolute frequen ...
... probes to study atomic and molecular structures in detail, but also that those techniques have revolutionized and set new standard of modern day metrology. Both goals are often very relevant and are usually approached iteratively. By that the acquired high resolution spectra provide absolute frequen ...
Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in
... wavelength is chosen such that the stop band is shifted from the pump frequency by the Brillouin shift νB = 16.3 GHz in the 1.06-µm region so that the Stokes waves falls exactly in the center of the stop band (δ = 0). The pump pulse is taken to be Gaussian in shape with a full width at half maximum ...
... wavelength is chosen such that the stop band is shifted from the pump frequency by the Brillouin shift νB = 16.3 GHz in the 1.06-µm region so that the Stokes waves falls exactly in the center of the stop band (δ = 0). The pump pulse is taken to be Gaussian in shape with a full width at half maximum ...
Get
... the first time to produce the trigger signal to optical switch from the cavity reflection. This scheme not only makes full use of the cavity reflection, but increases the SNR of the ringdown event. 2. Principles 2.1 Theoretical description of CRDS The incident laser light is injected into a high-fin ...
... the first time to produce the trigger signal to optical switch from the cavity reflection. This scheme not only makes full use of the cavity reflection, but increases the SNR of the ringdown event. 2. Principles 2.1 Theoretical description of CRDS The incident laser light is injected into a high-fin ...
Atom optics with microfabricated optical elements
... We introduce a new direction in the ®eld of atom optics, atom interferometry, and neutral-atom quantum information processing. It is based on the use of microfabricated optical elements. With these elements versatile and integrated atom optical devices can be created in a compact fashion. This appro ...
... We introduce a new direction in the ®eld of atom optics, atom interferometry, and neutral-atom quantum information processing. It is based on the use of microfabricated optical elements. With these elements versatile and integrated atom optical devices can be created in a compact fashion. This appro ...
Interference experiments with the fluorescence light of Ba ions
... in the resonator and atom become comparable to or exceed the atomic and cavity decay strengths, the properties of the atom and resonator are significantly changed. For example, the cavity resonance is split into two peaks which are separated by the coupling constant between the atom and the resonat ...
... in the resonator and atom become comparable to or exceed the atomic and cavity decay strengths, the properties of the atom and resonator are significantly changed. For example, the cavity resonance is split into two peaks which are separated by the coupling constant between the atom and the resonat ...
PDF
... Experimental setup and experimental results Our experimental setup is shown schematically in Figure. 3. In a vacuum system, Rubidium atoms are emitted from an oven and form a thermal beam. Two nozzles are used to collimate the atomic beam. The diameter of each nozzle is about 330 µm and the distance ...
... Experimental setup and experimental results Our experimental setup is shown schematically in Figure. 3. In a vacuum system, Rubidium atoms are emitted from an oven and form a thermal beam. Two nozzles are used to collimate the atomic beam. The diameter of each nozzle is about 330 µm and the distance ...
Manipulating Atoms with Photons
... At first sight, the simplest trap for charged particles should consist in a pure electrostatic field E(r) such that the electrostatic force F = qE in the vicinity of a given point O would be a restoring force. This is unfortunately forbidden by the Gauss equation for electrostatics ∇ · E = 0, which ...
... At first sight, the simplest trap for charged particles should consist in a pure electrostatic field E(r) such that the electrostatic force F = qE in the vicinity of a given point O would be a restoring force. This is unfortunately forbidden by the Gauss equation for electrostatics ∇ · E = 0, which ...
Laser streaking of free electrons at 25 keV
... gains owing to the limited energy resolution of the detection system in this range. The measured separation is equidistant at 1.6 eV, which is close to the laser’s photon energy of Ephoton ≈ 1.55 eV at l ≈ 800 nm. We call these features streaking traces of different order, or ‘streaking orders’. Si ...
... gains owing to the limited energy resolution of the detection system in this range. The measured separation is equidistant at 1.6 eV, which is close to the laser’s photon energy of Ephoton ≈ 1.55 eV at l ≈ 800 nm. We call these features streaking traces of different order, or ‘streaking orders’. Si ...
Laser cooling below the Doppler limit by polarization - ENS-phys
... We present two cooling mechanisms that lead to temperatures well below the Doppler limit. These mechanisms are based on laser polarization gradients and work at low laser power when the optical-pumping time between different ground-state sublevels becomes long. There is then a large time lag between ...
... We present two cooling mechanisms that lead to temperatures well below the Doppler limit. These mechanisms are based on laser polarization gradients and work at low laser power when the optical-pumping time between different ground-state sublevels becomes long. There is then a large time lag between ...
MS-Word
... [F10], quantization levels, growth parameters [F11] and post-growth processing [F12]. We have one dedicated lab to perform these measurements. We built-up a state-of-the-art ultrafast SNOM [F13] and we achieved some interesting results [F14,F15,F16]. However, the spatial resolution was signal-to-noi ...
... [F10], quantization levels, growth parameters [F11] and post-growth processing [F12]. We have one dedicated lab to perform these measurements. We built-up a state-of-the-art ultrafast SNOM [F13] and we achieved some interesting results [F14,F15,F16]. However, the spatial resolution was signal-to-noi ...
Optical frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) range and
... in the middle of that spectrum. The wavelength, spot size, power of the outgoing light and exposure time determines if a system is eye safe. Lasers are commonly classified as either class 1, 2, 3A, 3B or 4. A class 1 laser is totally safe, but the diffuse reflection from a class 4 laser damages the ...
... in the middle of that spectrum. The wavelength, spot size, power of the outgoing light and exposure time determines if a system is eye safe. Lasers are commonly classified as either class 1, 2, 3A, 3B or 4. A class 1 laser is totally safe, but the diffuse reflection from a class 4 laser damages the ...
Optical Resonators and Mode Matching
... common exceptions. The reflectors of a diode laser are simply the cleaved faces of the semiconductor material. The index-of-refraction of the semiconductor is so high compared to the surrounding air that it reflects a substantial portion of the incident light. Nowadays, totalinternal reflection with ...
... common exceptions. The reflectors of a diode laser are simply the cleaved faces of the semiconductor material. The index-of-refraction of the semiconductor is so high compared to the surrounding air that it reflects a substantial portion of the incident light. Nowadays, totalinternal reflection with ...
Laser Sources for Confocal Microscopy
... Compared to other sources emitting electro-magnetic radiation, such as hot filaments, arc lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers have a number of unique properties, which make them an almost ideal light source for use in confocal microscopy. These properties are: ...
... Compared to other sources emitting electro-magnetic radiation, such as hot filaments, arc lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers have a number of unique properties, which make them an almost ideal light source for use in confocal microscopy. These properties are: ...
Nanowire Grid Polarizers for Mid- and Long-Wavelength
... consists of an array of metallic lines with sub-wavelength pitch supported by a transparent substrate. Wire grid structures are known to be effective as infrared polarizers with short optical path and large acceptance angles.1-2 Existing WGP products designed for mid-wavelength IR and long-wavelengt ...
... consists of an array of metallic lines with sub-wavelength pitch supported by a transparent substrate. Wire grid structures are known to be effective as infrared polarizers with short optical path and large acceptance angles.1-2 Existing WGP products designed for mid-wavelength IR and long-wavelengt ...
Fabrication of functional surfaces using ultrashort laser pulse ablation
... with replication methods. It is well known that sufficiently small surface structures reflect and deflect light in a way that can not be handled with geometrical optics. Naturally, when considering materials like metals, only reflected waves are observed. If the periodicity of the structures is in t ...
... with replication methods. It is well known that sufficiently small surface structures reflect and deflect light in a way that can not be handled with geometrical optics. Naturally, when considering materials like metals, only reflected waves are observed. If the periodicity of the structures is in t ...
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term ""laser"" originated as an acronym for ""light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond.Among their many applications, lasers are used in optical disk drives, laser printers, and barcode scanners; fiber-optic and free-space optical communication; laser surgery and skin treatments; cutting and welding materials; military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed; and laser lighting displays in entertainment.