FT-IR Glossary - Thermo Fisher Scientific
... = elc where A is absorbance, e is molar absorptivity (a proportionality constant), l is the pathlength of the sample, and c is the concentration. Birefringence Optically anisotropic substances are double refracting. In birefringent crystals, light is resolved into two components that are polarized a ...
... = elc where A is absorbance, e is molar absorptivity (a proportionality constant), l is the pathlength of the sample, and c is the concentration. Birefringence Optically anisotropic substances are double refracting. In birefringent crystals, light is resolved into two components that are polarized a ...
Chromatic Dispersion
... to guarantee satisfactory discrimination between index-matched and non-indexmatched rays. The use of Christansen filters as passband filters was common before the second World War. It’s easy to see why, if you look at a broad-area Christiansen filter made in a parallel-sided container. No matter how ...
... to guarantee satisfactory discrimination between index-matched and non-indexmatched rays. The use of Christansen filters as passband filters was common before the second World War. It’s easy to see why, if you look at a broad-area Christiansen filter made in a parallel-sided container. No matter how ...
Introduction to Phase Contrast
... Phase contrast microscopy was very successful and ultimately gained widespread application, resulting in Zernike's award of the prestigeous Nobel prize in physics in 1953. The phase contrast technique has hailed as the greatest advance in microscopy in a century. Phase contrast, by "converting" phas ...
... Phase contrast microscopy was very successful and ultimately gained widespread application, resulting in Zernike's award of the prestigeous Nobel prize in physics in 1953. The phase contrast technique has hailed as the greatest advance in microscopy in a century. Phase contrast, by "converting" phas ...
Single-pixel infrared and visible microscope
... the number of masks and the mask display rate. The resulting frame rate is then R Patt ∕2N where R Patt is the pattern display rate and N is the number of a pixels in the image. For our particular DMD, the pattern display rate of 22 kHz results in a frame rate of 10 Hz at 32 × 32 and 0.6 Hz at 128 × ...
... the number of masks and the mask display rate. The resulting frame rate is then R Patt ∕2N where R Patt is the pattern display rate and N is the number of a pixels in the image. For our particular DMD, the pattern display rate of 22 kHz results in a frame rate of 10 Hz at 32 × 32 and 0.6 Hz at 128 × ...
Michelson interferometer
... With correct compensation for any optical path difference that relates to the design of the instrumental, it suffices to make calculations on the observed changes in the interference pattern to extract information about e.g. a transverse motion of one mirror or a change in refractive index in one of ...
... With correct compensation for any optical path difference that relates to the design of the instrumental, it suffices to make calculations on the observed changes in the interference pattern to extract information about e.g. a transverse motion of one mirror or a change in refractive index in one of ...
a 100-fold improvement in lithography resolution realized
... understand how a waveguide operates. A waveguide is a physical structure capable of transmitting electromagnetic signals. As opposed to transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air, with a waveguide electromagnetic energy is confined between the guide’s walls. While conventional waveguides h ...
... understand how a waveguide operates. A waveguide is a physical structure capable of transmitting electromagnetic signals. As opposed to transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air, with a waveguide electromagnetic energy is confined between the guide’s walls. While conventional waveguides h ...
Fabrication of elliptically figured mirror for focusing hard x rays to
... such as the overwhelming ease of alignment and short setup time. Plasma chemical vaporization machining 共PCVM兲 and elastic emission machining 共EEM兲 can figure mirror surfaces with peak-to-valley accuracies as better than 1 nm and lateral resolutions close to 0.1 mm.8 In our previous study, computer- ...
... such as the overwhelming ease of alignment and short setup time. Plasma chemical vaporization machining 共PCVM兲 and elastic emission machining 共EEM兲 can figure mirror surfaces with peak-to-valley accuracies as better than 1 nm and lateral resolutions close to 0.1 mm.8 In our previous study, computer- ...
Surface Plasmon Interference Nanolithography
... interference nanolithography (SPIN). In contrast to previous work,12-13,15-16 multiple one-dimensional gratings are used to convert free-space light into surface plasmon waves, and ...
... interference nanolithography (SPIN). In contrast to previous work,12-13,15-16 multiple one-dimensional gratings are used to convert free-space light into surface plasmon waves, and ...
RIT - People - Rochester Institute of Technology
... The SMFL g-line stepper has an NA of 0.29 and a partial coherence (σ) of 0.68. Although these parameters are normally not adjustable, we will attempt to modify the partial coherence of the system and evaluate the effects of such modification. Removing several covers in the illumination system of the ...
... The SMFL g-line stepper has an NA of 0.29 and a partial coherence (σ) of 0.68. Although these parameters are normally not adjustable, we will attempt to modify the partial coherence of the system and evaluate the effects of such modification. Removing several covers in the illumination system of the ...
Optics - Haiku
... Electromagnetic (EM) waves travel as oscillations in electrical and magnetic fields, and can transmit energy through a vacuum. They are always transverse waves. ...
... Electromagnetic (EM) waves travel as oscillations in electrical and magnetic fields, and can transmit energy through a vacuum. They are always transverse waves. ...
Geometrical Optics
... which is called the critical angle. If the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle, there cannot be a refracted ray and the beam is totally internally reflected. The optical micrometer, a device for precisely displacing a light beam, is shown in figure 2 below. A light ray traversing a ...
... which is called the critical angle. If the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle, there cannot be a refracted ray and the beam is totally internally reflected. The optical micrometer, a device for precisely displacing a light beam, is shown in figure 2 below. A light ray traversing a ...
Advantages of Infinity-Corrected Optics in FT
... Figure 3: A human cheek cell. This sample presents a challenge due to its transparency. Both images as seen through an infinity-corrected scope and with an infrared objective; the image on the bottom is viewed through DIC prisms inserted into the collimated beam. ...
... Figure 3: A human cheek cell. This sample presents a challenge due to its transparency. Both images as seen through an infinity-corrected scope and with an infrared objective; the image on the bottom is viewed through DIC prisms inserted into the collimated beam. ...
Spectroscopy – I. Gratings and Prisms
... If we could see the whole spectrum (radio to γ–ray), then every order would completely overlap with every other order. In reality, of course, many effects limit what we can see/measure. For example, the atmosphere will eliminate most photons at shorter wavelengths than about 340nm – as well as large ...
... If we could see the whole spectrum (radio to γ–ray), then every order would completely overlap with every other order. In reality, of course, many effects limit what we can see/measure. For example, the atmosphere will eliminate most photons at shorter wavelengths than about 340nm – as well as large ...
Ellipsometer Manual
... Theory: When an electromagnetic wave reflects from a material it will change its phase and amplitude. This phase shift () and amplitude change (|r|) depends upon other things on the angle of incidence (), the refraction index of the material (n), the extinction coefficient of the material (k), and ...
... Theory: When an electromagnetic wave reflects from a material it will change its phase and amplitude. This phase shift () and amplitude change (|r|) depends upon other things on the angle of incidence (), the refraction index of the material (n), the extinction coefficient of the material (k), and ...
t ln 2 ln Xt −ln X0 = t log 2 log Xt −log X0
... The sample is placed in a special test tube called a "cuvette", which fits the spectrophotometer snugly. Cuvettes are very expensive and care should be exercised in handling them. To cut down on the costs, we use regular small test tubes in place of cuvettes. If the cuvette is rotated within its hol ...
... The sample is placed in a special test tube called a "cuvette", which fits the spectrophotometer snugly. Cuvettes are very expensive and care should be exercised in handling them. To cut down on the costs, we use regular small test tubes in place of cuvettes. If the cuvette is rotated within its hol ...
The Principle of Linear Superposition The Principle of Linear
... • Suppose a light beam is incident on a narrow slit. If the light traveled in straight lines after passing through the slit, only the region directly opposite to the slit would be illuminated. • Instead, Huygens’ principle requires that the wave spreads out. In other words, the light deviates from a ...
... • Suppose a light beam is incident on a narrow slit. If the light traveled in straight lines after passing through the slit, only the region directly opposite to the slit would be illuminated. • Instead, Huygens’ principle requires that the wave spreads out. In other words, the light deviates from a ...
Living specimen tomography by digital holographic
... A well-suited technique to address this particular problematic of measuring the 3dimentionnal (3D) refractive index distribution of a cell, is the so-called optical diffraction tomography (ODT), which theoretical bases have been developed by Wolf5 and Dändliker6 in the early seventies. ODT allows, b ...
... A well-suited technique to address this particular problematic of measuring the 3dimentionnal (3D) refractive index distribution of a cell, is the so-called optical diffraction tomography (ODT), which theoretical bases have been developed by Wolf5 and Dändliker6 in the early seventies. ODT allows, b ...
Photorefractive cyclometalated complexes
... mainly to field-enhanced photogeneration. In fact, because of the low dielectric constant typical for organic material, recombination processes of photogenerated excitons can occur easily, dumping charge generation, while exciton dissociation into “free” carriers is boosted by an applied electric fi ...
... mainly to field-enhanced photogeneration. In fact, because of the low dielectric constant typical for organic material, recombination processes of photogenerated excitons can occur easily, dumping charge generation, while exciton dissociation into “free” carriers is boosted by an applied electric fi ...
Get PDF - OSA Publishing
... of the grating ref lectivity on the phases of the incident waves can be used to obtain parametric amplifiers and lasers with squeezed light. (b) A different point of view of understanding the f iltering effects is based on consideration of a complex three-mirror cavity, such as the cleaved-coupled-c ...
... of the grating ref lectivity on the phases of the incident waves can be used to obtain parametric amplifiers and lasers with squeezed light. (b) A different point of view of understanding the f iltering effects is based on consideration of a complex three-mirror cavity, such as the cleaved-coupled-c ...
CHAPTER 3 Optical Components of Spectrometers
... • Consider two rays that reach P1 on the screen • The ray originating at the top of the slit must travel a distance x = (W/2) sin farther than the ray from the center of the slit. • According to earlier discussion, a destructive interference is expected when the pathlength difference is /2. • Th ...
... • Consider two rays that reach P1 on the screen • The ray originating at the top of the slit must travel a distance x = (W/2) sin farther than the ray from the center of the slit. • According to earlier discussion, a destructive interference is expected when the pathlength difference is /2. • Th ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... angles with respect to the optic axis (usually at an angle several times the incident beam convergence angle). This mode is referred to as annular dark field (ADF). (iii) Transmitted electrons that have lost a measurable amount of energy as they pass through the sample. Forming a spectrum of these e ...
... angles with respect to the optic axis (usually at an angle several times the incident beam convergence angle). This mode is referred to as annular dark field (ADF). (iii) Transmitted electrons that have lost a measurable amount of energy as they pass through the sample. Forming a spectrum of these e ...
Soft X-ray tomography and cryogenic light microscopy - X
... in 3-D. SXT imaging is both unique and complementary to existing imaging techniques, such as light and electron microscopy. The soft X-ray (see Glossary) illuminating photons used in SXT penetrate biological materials much more easily than electrons, which allows specimens up to 10 mm thick to be im ...
... in 3-D. SXT imaging is both unique and complementary to existing imaging techniques, such as light and electron microscopy. The soft X-ray (see Glossary) illuminating photons used in SXT penetrate biological materials much more easily than electrons, which allows specimens up to 10 mm thick to be im ...
Deviation from Snell`s law for beams transmitted
... numerical resonance peak is compared with the calculated value fmax from Eq. (4) and with fmax predicted by Snell’s law. One can see that maximum deviation takes place at uc . In conclusion, we have shown that the transmission direction of a narrow beam through a plane dielectric interface can be qu ...
... numerical resonance peak is compared with the calculated value fmax from Eq. (4) and with fmax predicted by Snell’s law. One can see that maximum deviation takes place at uc . In conclusion, we have shown that the transmission direction of a narrow beam through a plane dielectric interface can be qu ...
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images. Standard X-ray imaging techniques like radiography or computed tomography (CT) rely on a decrease of the X-ray beam's intensity (attenuation) when traversing the sample, which can be measured directly with the assistance of an X-ray detector. In PCI however, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity, which then can be recorded by the detector.In addition to producing projection images, PCI, like conventional transmission, can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the sample. When applied to samples that consist of atoms with low atomic number Z, PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the sample than conventional transmission-based X-ray imaging. This leads to images with improved soft tissue contrast.In the last several years, a variety of phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques have been developed, all of which are based on the observation of interference patterns between diffracted and undiffracted waves. The most common techniques are crystal interferometry, propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging, edge-illumination and grating-based imaging (see below).