Monte Carlo simulation of light scattering in the atmosphere and
... bulence being much less important. A significant source of atmospheric blur is especially aerosol scatter of light at near-forward angles [1, 8]. The multiple scattering of light is affected by the optical thickness of the atmosphere, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol vertical profile. W ...
... bulence being much less important. A significant source of atmospheric blur is especially aerosol scatter of light at near-forward angles [1, 8]. The multiple scattering of light is affected by the optical thickness of the atmosphere, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol vertical profile. W ...
The Michelson Interferometer Wavelength Meter
... The Fourier-transform operation on the interferogram allows the wavelength of the signals to be separated and measured individually – i.e. each of the input signals is individually resolved both in frequency and in power The Fourier-transform operation does not compromise the wavelength accuracy of ...
... The Fourier-transform operation on the interferogram allows the wavelength of the signals to be separated and measured individually – i.e. each of the input signals is individually resolved both in frequency and in power The Fourier-transform operation does not compromise the wavelength accuracy of ...
A Low Cost Optical Coherence Tomography Machine
... from the photoreceptor. As the image is acquired, the reference arm must be moved either closer to the photoreceptor or away from the photoreceptor. This is required so that the phases of the light returned from the sample arm can be compared with multiple known lengths from the reference arm (7). T ...
... from the photoreceptor. As the image is acquired, the reference arm must be moved either closer to the photoreceptor or away from the photoreceptor. This is required so that the phases of the light returned from the sample arm can be compared with multiple known lengths from the reference arm (7). T ...
Optical switches
... • An optical multiplexer receives many wavelengths from many fibers and converges them into one beam that is coupled into a single fiber • An optical demultiplexer receives a beam (consisting of multiple optical frequencies) from a fiber and separates it into its frequency components, which are dire ...
... • An optical multiplexer receives many wavelengths from many fibers and converges them into one beam that is coupled into a single fiber • An optical demultiplexer receives a beam (consisting of multiple optical frequencies) from a fiber and separates it into its frequency components, which are dire ...
Lithography Lecture #1
... Proximity Aligner: photoresist is not in intimate contact with mask⎯separated by a few microns. Mask image:Resist image is 1:1. Limited by near field (Fresnel diffraction) diffraction Projection Aligner: photoresist is not in intimate contact with mask ⎯mask image is projected onto resist by lenses. ...
... Proximity Aligner: photoresist is not in intimate contact with mask⎯separated by a few microns. Mask image:Resist image is 1:1. Limited by near field (Fresnel diffraction) diffraction Projection Aligner: photoresist is not in intimate contact with mask ⎯mask image is projected onto resist by lenses. ...
Lecture-10-Optics
... two beam case: I = 4I0cos2/2 with =k0(r1-r2). The difference is due to an added = due to reflection in the case of dielectric films which cause the cosine to become a sine. This is similar to the case for Lloyds mirror. Note also that multiple beam interference results in a redistribution of ...
... two beam case: I = 4I0cos2/2 with =k0(r1-r2). The difference is due to an added = due to reflection in the case of dielectric films which cause the cosine to become a sine. This is similar to the case for Lloyds mirror. Note also that multiple beam interference results in a redistribution of ...
Plane-wave scattering by a set of perfectly conducting circular
... The problem of scattering of a plane wave by sets of perfectly conducting indefinite circular cylinders with parallel axes in an isotropic and homogeneous medium has been treated by various authors. The case of an infinite grating of circular cylinders was studied in Refs. 1 and 2. Some numerical da ...
... The problem of scattering of a plane wave by sets of perfectly conducting indefinite circular cylinders with parallel axes in an isotropic and homogeneous medium has been treated by various authors. The case of an infinite grating of circular cylinders was studied in Refs. 1 and 2. Some numerical da ...
Untitled
... Chapter 3 introduces a polarimetric fiber optic sensor. With polarization, a guided lightwave of a particular fiber can be changed through external perturbation, which can be used for fiber sensing. Thus, by using a polarization-maintaining fiber, polarization affecting the fiber can be exploited for sens ...
... Chapter 3 introduces a polarimetric fiber optic sensor. With polarization, a guided lightwave of a particular fiber can be changed through external perturbation, which can be used for fiber sensing. Thus, by using a polarization-maintaining fiber, polarization affecting the fiber can be exploited for sens ...
Fabrication of Cube Beamsplitters for White Light Interferometry
... modulo ambiguity associated with interference periodicity of single laser source systems. This advantage is based on the principle that acceptable fringe visibility only occurs when both arms of the interferometer have matching optical path lengths (OPL) for each wavelength of the broadband light so ...
... modulo ambiguity associated with interference periodicity of single laser source systems. This advantage is based on the principle that acceptable fringe visibility only occurs when both arms of the interferometer have matching optical path lengths (OPL) for each wavelength of the broadband light so ...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Light Scattering on a Sound Wave
... by the size of the ultrasound focus and the signal depends on any light passing through the ultrasound focal zone. When the ultrasound scan points out a volume presenting an optical contrast (local absorbance and/or scattering properties ) like tumors, the quantity of tagged photons is modified. Loc ...
... by the size of the ultrasound focus and the signal depends on any light passing through the ultrasound focal zone. When the ultrasound scan points out a volume presenting an optical contrast (local absorbance and/or scattering properties ) like tumors, the quantity of tagged photons is modified. Loc ...
Generation and Application of Bessel Beams in Electron Microscopy
... Holographic optical elements can allow electron beams to be shaped by modulating the transverse phase and amplitude profiles of incident electron waves with high precision. Amplitude modulation of incident electron beams can be achieved by alternating thick fringes made from opaque material with re ...
... Holographic optical elements can allow electron beams to be shaped by modulating the transverse phase and amplitude profiles of incident electron waves with high precision. Amplitude modulation of incident electron beams can be achieved by alternating thick fringes made from opaque material with re ...
S U P E R -R E S O LV... Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014
... light (Heintzmann and Cremer, 1999; Gustafsson, 2000). When such a sinusoidal wave interferes with the studied object, light patterns arise in which spatial details below the diffraction limit become visible (Moiré patterns), allowing for an improvement of Abbe’s limit confined to a factor of two as ...
... light (Heintzmann and Cremer, 1999; Gustafsson, 2000). When such a sinusoidal wave interferes with the studied object, light patterns arise in which spatial details below the diffraction limit become visible (Moiré patterns), allowing for an improvement of Abbe’s limit confined to a factor of two as ...
super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
... light (Heintzmann and Cremer, 1999; Gustafsson, 2000). When such a sinusoidal wave interferes with the studied object, light patterns arise in which spatial details below the diffraction limit become visible (Moiré patterns), allowing for an improvement of Abbe’s limit confined to a factor of two as ...
... light (Heintzmann and Cremer, 1999; Gustafsson, 2000). When such a sinusoidal wave interferes with the studied object, light patterns arise in which spatial details below the diffraction limit become visible (Moiré patterns), allowing for an improvement of Abbe’s limit confined to a factor of two as ...
evanescent wave based biosensors
... decays exponentially (rather than sinusoidally) with distance from the interface at which they are formed. Evanescent waves are formed when sinusoidal waves are (internally) reflected off an interface at an angle greater than the critical angle so that total internal reflection occurs. The colors in ...
... decays exponentially (rather than sinusoidally) with distance from the interface at which they are formed. Evanescent waves are formed when sinusoidal waves are (internally) reflected off an interface at an angle greater than the critical angle so that total internal reflection occurs. The colors in ...
Accuracy in Positioning Systems
... repeatability). In general, the positional variance for bidirectional moves is higher than that for unidirectional moves. Quoting unidirectional repeatability figures alone can mask dramatic amounts of backlash. Our repeatability testing is performed in the following sequence: The table is indexed t ...
... repeatability). In general, the positional variance for bidirectional moves is higher than that for unidirectional moves. Quoting unidirectional repeatability figures alone can mask dramatic amounts of backlash. Our repeatability testing is performed in the following sequence: The table is indexed t ...
Light propagates in the form of waves
... Since light is an electromagnetic wave, light can be described by the same theoretical principles that govern all forms of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation propagates in the form of two coupled vector waves, an electric-field wave and a magnetic-field wave. Although light is des ...
... Since light is an electromagnetic wave, light can be described by the same theoretical principles that govern all forms of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation propagates in the form of two coupled vector waves, an electric-field wave and a magnetic-field wave. Although light is des ...
Light manipulation with encoded plasmonic nanostructures Chenglong Zhao , Jiasen Zhang
... structures can be readily fabricated on a metal film with standard nanofabrication technology. The gratings and nanostructures serve as indirect SPP sources. SPPs are launched from these structures with direct illumination and the phase and amplitude of SPPs can be precisely controlled by arranging ...
... structures can be readily fabricated on a metal film with standard nanofabrication technology. The gratings and nanostructures serve as indirect SPP sources. SPPs are launched from these structures with direct illumination and the phase and amplitude of SPPs can be precisely controlled by arranging ...
Interference and Interferometry [Pedrotti^3 Ch. 7 & Ch. 8]
... As shown on previous pages, most available light sources emit a range wavelengths. For many photonic applications it is desirable to have a "monochromatic" (ideal) point light source. An ideal light source would emit only one exact frequency f0 and its physical size would be infinitely small (an ide ...
... As shown on previous pages, most available light sources emit a range wavelengths. For many photonic applications it is desirable to have a "monochromatic" (ideal) point light source. An ideal light source would emit only one exact frequency f0 and its physical size would be infinitely small (an ide ...
3 Theoretical framework
... sample under test hits a Ronchi ruling, and the resulting intensity pattern is then recorded on the focal plane of a CCD camera with its objective pointing at infinity. We shall assume that under usual experimental conditions, the sample may be assumed to be very close to the plane tangent to the te ...
... sample under test hits a Ronchi ruling, and the resulting intensity pattern is then recorded on the focal plane of a CCD camera with its objective pointing at infinity. We shall assume that under usual experimental conditions, the sample may be assumed to be very close to the plane tangent to the te ...
fabrication, characterization and application of dispersive gradient
... phase” to form a transform limited pulse [5]. This means that the pulse is then travelling in a dispersive medium, and phase changes have to be compensated to maintain it short. Several different methods have been proposed over the years. Most of them are based on diffraction gratings [6], prism pai ...
... phase” to form a transform limited pulse [5]. This means that the pulse is then travelling in a dispersive medium, and phase changes have to be compensated to maintain it short. Several different methods have been proposed over the years. Most of them are based on diffraction gratings [6], prism pai ...
Honors Physics Final Review Spring 2015
... diamond ans: diamond: greater density = smaller critical angle ...
... diamond ans: diamond: greater density = smaller critical angle ...
McCarthy, Kevin. Accuracy in Positioning Systems. New England
... position, than in increasingly higher tolerance leadscrews. Leadscrews are also subject to potentially large amounts of Abbé error (see below). THE ROLE OF FEEDBACK The early ruling engines could be said to have had a sort of feedback: machines which produced acceptable gratings were highly accurate ...
... position, than in increasingly higher tolerance leadscrews. Leadscrews are also subject to potentially large amounts of Abbé error (see below). THE ROLE OF FEEDBACK The early ruling engines could be said to have had a sort of feedback: machines which produced acceptable gratings were highly accurate ...
... The dynamic and deterministic control of light over space and time on the subwavelength scale is a key requirement in order to extend concepts and functionalities of macro-optics down to the nanometer scale. An increased level of control will also have fundamental implications in our understanding ...
D12 in docx
... Using this approach, we were able to miniaturize our 2010 result by more than a factor of two in all three spatial directions. This step has brought the operation frequency from the ...
... Using this approach, we were able to miniaturize our 2010 result by more than a factor of two in all three spatial directions. This step has brought the operation frequency from the ...
parametric interactions of short optical pulses in quasi
... through the engineering of devices by patterning nonlinear materials. QPM devices are shown to enable tunable control of the phase response of second-harmonic generation (SHG), engineering of broad-bandwidth SHG using spectral angular dispersion, and tailoring of spatial solitons that exist through ...
... through the engineering of devices by patterning nonlinear materials. QPM devices are shown to enable tunable control of the phase response of second-harmonic generation (SHG), engineering of broad-bandwidth SHG using spectral angular dispersion, and tailoring of spatial solitons that exist through ...
Diffraction grating
In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure, which splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration. The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. Because of this, gratings are commonly used in monochromators and spectrometers.For practical applications, gratings generally have ridges or rulings on their surface rather than dark lines. Such gratings can be either transmissive or reflective. Gratings which modulate the phase rather than the amplitude of the incident light are also produced, frequently using holography.The principles of diffraction gratings were discovered by James Gregory, about a year after Newton's prism experiments, initially with items such as bird feathers. The first man-made diffraction grating was made around 1785 by Philadelphia inventor David Rittenhouse, who strung hairs between two finely threaded screws. This was similar to notable German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer's wire diffraction grating in 1821.Diffraction can create ""rainbow"" colors when illuminated by a wide spectrum (e.g., continuous) light source. The sparkling effects from the closely spaced narrow tracks on optical storage disks such as CD's or DVDs are an example, while the similar rainbow effects caused by thin layers of oil (or gasoline, etc.) on water are not caused by a grating, but rather by interference effects in reflections from the closely spaced transmissive layers (see Examples, below). A grating has parallel lines, while a CD has a spiral of finely-spaced data tracks. Diffraction colors also appear when one looks at a bright point source through a translucent fine-pitch umbrella-fabric covering. Decorative patterned plastic films based on reflective grating patches are very inexpensive, and are commonplace.