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INTERMEDIATE/SECONDARY ARTICLE: Measuring Electricity
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... see it. We are familiar with terms such as watt, volt, and amp, but most of us do not have a clear understanding of these terms. We buy a 60-watt lightbulb, a tool that requires 120 volts, or a vacuum cleaner that uses 8.8 amps, and don’t really think about what those measurements mean. We are confi ...
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... Ztotal series = Rexternal + Rinductor + jω0L + 1/jω0C Ztotal series = Rexternal + Rinductor + jω0L – jω0C since (1/j = -j) if ω0L = ω0C Ztotal series = Rexternal + Rinductor = R This leaves the total “equivalent” impedance of the series circuit to be purely resistive! ...
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... We combine measurements of test patterns and the device itself at different bias points for this task. The most serious problem arises from the distributed nature of the base electrode which results in the feedback capacitance Cfb. There are various approaches to deal with this capacitance. The valu ...
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... Ohm's law states that the voltage across the ends of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided the temperature and other physical conditions are unchanged. In other words, the resistance of a metallic conductor is a constant, provided the temperature a ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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