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Effect of Pulsed High-Voltage Stimulation on Pholiota Nameko
Effect of Pulsed High-Voltage Stimulation on Pholiota Nameko

... of a lightning have been reported by some mushroom farmers [1]. The mechanism of the mushroom outbreak is not clear, but some researchers suggest two possibilities. One is the generation of cracks in mycelium hyphae by the lightning because mushroom fruiting bodies are generated from cracks in hypha ...
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... Resistors in Series • When two or more resistors are connected end-to-end, they are said to be in series • The current is the same in all resistors because any charge that flows through one resistor flows through the other • The sum of the potential differences across the resistors is equal to the ...
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... If we start from R = rL/A , we can see that parallel resistors are equivalent to one resistor with more Area. But A is in the denominator (just like I was in the previous slide), so we need to add the inverses: 1/Reff = 1/R1 + 1/R2 . Note that connecting resistors in parallel gives a smaller effecti ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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