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High Voltage Direct Current Transmission - ac
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission - ac

... availability of transformers (for stepping up the voltage for transmission over long distances and for stepping down the voltage for safe use), the development of robust induction motor (to serve the users of rotary power), the availability of the superior synchronous generator, and the facilities o ...
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... Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC), made with class 2 or class 3 dielectrics, typically exhibit a piezoelectric effect when placed under electric field. The piezoelectric effect results in a physical distortion with amplitude related to the intensity of the electric field. If the electric field is ...
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... The UPQC consists of two voltage source inverters connected back to back with each other sharing a common dc link. One inverter is controlled as a variable voltage source in the series APF, and the other as a variable current source in the shunt APF. Fig. 1 shows a basic system configuration of a ge ...
S.C., D.M. Otten, T.A. Keim, and D.J. Perreault, “Design and Evaluation of a 42 V Automotive Alternator with Integrated Switched-Mode Rectifier,” 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference , September 2007, pp. 250 – 258
S.C., D.M. Otten, T.A. Keim, and D.J. Perreault, “Design and Evaluation of a 42 V Automotive Alternator with Integrated Switched-Mode Rectifier,” 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference , September 2007, pp. 250 – 258

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... (d/dt)θk starts from the corresponding initial value given by ω + mk P̄k , where k = a, b. Then, both (d/dt)θa and (d/dt)θb converge to the same steady-state value given by the frequency reference ω = 2π 60 rad/s since also Pa and Pb converge to P̄a and P̄b , respectively. The stability of the close ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

... contribution of the paper. The contents of each section may be provided to understand easily about the paper. Power Quality problem such as voltage sag, voltage swell as well as momentary power loss are vital issues seen from the last decade due to the widespread use of sophisticated electronic equi ...
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine

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Decibel

The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that expresses the ratio of two values of a physical quantity, often power or intensity. One of these quantities is often a reference value and in this case the decibel expresses the absolute level of the physical quantity. The number of decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities, or of the ratio of the squares of two field amplitude quantities. One decibel is one tenth of one bel, named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell; however, the bel is seldom used.The definition of the decibel is based on the measurement of power in telephony of the early 20th century in the Bell System in the United States. Today, the unit is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gains of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. The decibel confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction. By contrast, use of the decibel complicates operations of addition and subtraction.A change in power by a factor of 10 is a 10 dB change. At the half power point an audio circuit or an antenna exhibits an attenuation of 3dB. A change in voltage by a factor of 10 results in a change in power by a factor of 100, which is a 20 dB change. A change in voltage ratio by a factor of two approximately corresponds to a 6 dB change.The decibel symbol is often qualified with a suffix that indicates the reference quantity that has been used or some other property of the quantity being measured. For example, dBm indicates a reference power of one milliwatt, while dBu is referenced to approximately 0.775 volts RMS.In the International System of Quantities, the decibel is defined as a unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
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