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3.4. Dynamic Properties 3.4.1 Dielectric Losses
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... This is, of course, only applicable to real perfect dielectrics, i.e. for real dielectrics with σ0 = 0. The total power loss, the really interesting quantity, then becomes (using ε'' = ε' · tgδ, because tgδ is now seen as a material parameter) . LA = ω · ε' · E2 · tg δ This is a useful relation for ...
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... the apparent power dissipated by the resistor (S=VI). Since the load was a pure resistance, the apparent power, S, was equal to the real power, P. Mathematically, one would say that P = VI cos . The power factor angle, , is the phase angle difference between the voltage phasor and the current phas ...
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... A voltage divider can be created with two equal value resistors (Figure 7). There is a trade-off between the power consumed by the divider and the voltage drop across these resistors due to the positive input bias currents. Selecting 2.5 kΩ for R1 and R2 will create a voltage divider that draws only ...
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Decibel

The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that expresses the ratio of two values of a physical quantity, often power or intensity. One of these quantities is often a reference value and in this case the decibel expresses the absolute level of the physical quantity. The number of decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities, or of the ratio of the squares of two field amplitude quantities. One decibel is one tenth of one bel, named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell; however, the bel is seldom used.The definition of the decibel is based on the measurement of power in telephony of the early 20th century in the Bell System in the United States. Today, the unit is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gains of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. The decibel confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction. By contrast, use of the decibel complicates operations of addition and subtraction.A change in power by a factor of 10 is a 10 dB change. At the half power point an audio circuit or an antenna exhibits an attenuation of 3dB. A change in voltage by a factor of 10 results in a change in power by a factor of 100, which is a 20 dB change. A change in voltage ratio by a factor of two approximately corresponds to a 6 dB change.The decibel symbol is often qualified with a suffix that indicates the reference quantity that has been used or some other property of the quantity being measured. For example, dBm indicates a reference power of one milliwatt, while dBu is referenced to approximately 0.775 volts RMS.In the International System of Quantities, the decibel is defined as a unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
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