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NE556
NE556

S7 Text.
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common-mode voltage gain
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... The regular differential amplifier on the righthand side of the circuit then takes this voltage drop between points 3 and 4, and amplifies it by a gain of 1 (assuming again that all "R" resistors are of equal value). Though this looks like a cumbersome way to build a differential amplifier, it has t ...
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... For the next task, you will use resistors in a voltage divider configuration to get as close as possible to a new desired voltage level below the standard 5V of your power supplies. The simple voltage divider consists of two resistors, and the voltage is measured at the junction between them. In thi ...
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... Because the glitch occurs right after a DAC is updated and disappears within the first few microseconds, if the DAC output and output buffer amplifier input are decoupled when the DAC is updated and stay decoupled until the glitch disappears, the glitch will not pass through the output buffer amplif ...
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... response. In principle, it should be possible to change the gain arbitrarily by application of an appropriate level of conjugate V, the bias, whereas we have limited ourselves in Fig. 5 to bipolar supply voltages used in the low-power designs above. For comparison, we also provide in Figs. 4 and 5 t ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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