Workbook - Skylight Publishing
... turn takes a few stones from any one pile. Every player must take at least one stone on every turn. The player who takes the last stone wins. Games of this type often have a winning strategy. This strategy can be established by tagging all possible positions in the game with two tags, “plus” and “mi ...
... turn takes a few stones from any one pile. Every player must take at least one stone on every turn. The player who takes the last stone wins. Games of this type often have a winning strategy. This strategy can be established by tagging all possible positions in the game with two tags, “plus” and “mi ...
External Memory Geometric Data Structures
... where B 2 ≤ M < N . An I/O operation (or simply I/O) is the operation of reading (or writing) a block from (or into) disk. Refer to Figure 1. Computation can only be performed on objects in internal memory. The measures of performance are the number of I/Os used to solve a problem, as well as the am ...
... where B 2 ≤ M < N . An I/O operation (or simply I/O) is the operation of reading (or writing) a block from (or into) disk. Refer to Figure 1. Computation can only be performed on objects in internal memory. The measures of performance are the number of I/Os used to solve a problem, as well as the am ...
Represent the given sparse matrix using Linked List
... 3. Create a Stack and do the basic operations using Arrays ----------------------------- 5 4. Create a Queue and do the basic operations using Arrays -------------------------- 10 5. Implement the basic operations on Singly Linked List ------------------------------ 13 6. Represent the given sparse ...
... 3. Create a Stack and do the basic operations using Arrays ----------------------------- 5 4. Create a Queue and do the basic operations using Arrays -------------------------- 10 5. Implement the basic operations on Singly Linked List ------------------------------ 13 6. Represent the given sparse ...
Functional data structures and algorithms - Milan Straka
... screen. Side effects are common in imperative programming, while in functional programming, output of a function depends solely on the input arguments and not on an internal state of a program. Therefore, calling a function twice with the same arguments produces the same result. Functional programs a ...
... screen. Side effects are common in imperative programming, while in functional programming, output of a function depends solely on the input arguments and not on an internal state of a program. Therefore, calling a function twice with the same arguments produces the same result. Functional programs a ...
Fundamental Data Structures - University of North Florida
... Another way to define an ADT, closer to the spirit of functional programming, is to consider each state of the structure as a separate entity. In this view, any operation that modifies the ADT is modeled as a mathematical function that takes the old state as an argument, and returns the new state as ...
... Another way to define an ADT, closer to the spirit of functional programming, is to consider each state of the structure as a separate entity. In this view, any operation that modifies the ADT is modeled as a mathematical function that takes the old state as an argument, and returns the new state as ...
... store keys in the nodes of a binary search tree to be able to branch left or right depending on the outcome of a comparison. An important observation is that nothing demands that a node should store its own key explicitly. All that is required is that whenever the function associated with that node ...
Stronger Lempel-Ziv Based Compressed Text Indexing | SpringerLink
... Thus we achieve the same search time as the index of Kärkkäinen and Ukkonen [27], yet ours are much smaller and do not need the text to operate. In both cases we also present a version requiring (1 + )uHk (T ) + o(u log σ ) bits, with average search time O(m2 ) if m 2 logσ u. This space can get a ...
... Thus we achieve the same search time as the index of Kärkkäinen and Ukkonen [27], yet ours are much smaller and do not need the text to operate. In both cases we also present a version requiring (1 + )uHk (T ) + o(u log σ ) bits, with average search time O(m2 ) if m 2 logσ u. This space can get a ...
Improving the efficiency of priority-queue structures
... Constant-cost find-min. The binary-heap data structure introduced by Williams [25] in 1964 is one of the most well-known priority queues and also one of the earliest. For the binary heap by Williams having size n, the worst-case cost of insert and delete-min is O(lg n) and the comparison complexity ...
... Constant-cost find-min. The binary-heap data structure introduced by Williams [25] in 1964 is one of the most well-known priority queues and also one of the earliest. For the binary heap by Williams having size n, the worst-case cost of insert and delete-min is O(lg n) and the comparison complexity ...
Dynamic Data Structures: Orthogonal Range Queries and Update
... than previous worst-case efficient structures, under the assumption that the x-coordinates of the points are drawn from a smooth probabilistic distribution, and the y-coordinates are drawn from a class of probabilistic distributions that exhibit unbounded density. In Section 2.4 we waive the assumpt ...
... than previous worst-case efficient structures, under the assumption that the x-coordinates of the points are drawn from a smooth probabilistic distribution, and the y-coordinates are drawn from a class of probabilistic distributions that exhibit unbounded density. In Section 2.4 we waive the assumpt ...
Functional Data Structures
... always fall through to the third clauses because rev r is guaranteed to be nonempty. Hence, we could easily optimize these calls by inlining the appropriate code from the third clauses. However, we won't bother because there is a more disturbing ineciency. It is very common to ask for both the head ...
... always fall through to the third clauses because rev r is guaranteed to be nonempty. Hence, we could easily optimize these calls by inlining the appropriate code from the third clauses. However, we won't bother because there is a more disturbing ineciency. It is very common to ask for both the head ...
Accelerating Online LCA with Functional Data Structures
... We could construct a data structure from binary numbers as well, where you have a linked list of “flags” with 2n elements in them. However, adding 1 to a binary number can affect all log n digits in the number, yielding O(log n) cons. ...
... We could construct a data structure from binary numbers as well, where you have a linked list of “flags” with 2n elements in them. However, adding 1 to a binary number can affect all log n digits in the number, yielding O(log n) cons. ...
File
... AIM: To implement Linear and Circular Queue using arrays. ALGORITHM: Circular Queue: Inserting an element to circular Queue Step 1: Initialize FRONT = – 1; REAR = 1 Step 2: REAR = (REAR + 1) % SIZE Step 3: If (FRONT is equal to REAR) (a) Display “Queue is full” (b) Exit Step 4: Else (a) Input the va ...
... AIM: To implement Linear and Circular Queue using arrays. ALGORITHM: Circular Queue: Inserting an element to circular Queue Step 1: Initialize FRONT = – 1; REAR = 1 Step 2: REAR = (REAR + 1) % SIZE Step 3: If (FRONT is equal to REAR) (a) Display “Queue is full” (b) Exit Step 4: Else (a) Input the va ...
Part III Data Structures
... An AVL-tree of height h ≥ 2 of minimal size has a root with sub-trees of height h − 1 and h − 2, respectively. Both, sub-trees have minmal node number. ...
... An AVL-tree of height h ≥ 2 of minimal size has a root with sub-trees of height h − 1 and h − 2, respectively. Both, sub-trees have minmal node number. ...
TOPICS IN ALGORITHMS
... Finite Capacity Dial-a-Ride Given a collection of objects in a metric space, a specified destination point for each object, and a vehicle with a capacity of at most k objects, the finite capacity dial-a-ride problem is to compute a shortest tour for the vehicle in which all objects can be delivered ...
... Finite Capacity Dial-a-Ride Given a collection of objects in a metric space, a specified destination point for each object, and a vehicle with a capacity of at most k objects, the finite capacity dial-a-ride problem is to compute a shortest tour for the vehicle in which all objects can be delivered ...
2009: Changqing Chen
... for the BoND-tree improve the performance of box queries in an NDDS significantly. The Hybrid Data Space (HDS) is a multidimensional data space which contains both (ordered) continuous and non-ordered discrete dimensions. In this thesis a novel indexing structure, the C-ND tree, has been developed t ...
... for the BoND-tree improve the performance of box queries in an NDDS significantly. The Hybrid Data Space (HDS) is a multidimensional data space which contains both (ordered) continuous and non-ordered discrete dimensions. In this thesis a novel indexing structure, the C-ND tree, has been developed t ...
Evaluation Techniques for Generalized Path Pattern Queries on
... by the fragment of XPath that corresponds to tree-pattern queries even when this one is extended with reverse axes and the node-name wildcard. • We develop an approach, called IndexPaths-R, for evaluating a partial path query Q. IndexPaths-R generates a set P of path queries which is equivalent to Q ...
... by the fragment of XPath that corresponds to tree-pattern queries even when this one is extended with reverse axes and the node-name wildcard. • We develop an approach, called IndexPaths-R, for evaluating a partial path query Q. IndexPaths-R generates a set P of path queries which is equivalent to Q ...
Dynamic FM-Index for a Collection of Texts with
... words and store for each word the information where it occurs in the text. Those indices enable fast queries and are space-efficient. A disadvantage is that they are not applicable to biological sequences like DNA, proteins, or audio and video signals. Sequence-based indices allow to search efficien ...
... words and store for each word the information where it occurs in the text. Those indices enable fast queries and are space-efficient. A disadvantage is that they are not applicable to biological sequences like DNA, proteins, or audio and video signals. Sequence-based indices allow to search efficien ...
Interfaces
... "natural ordering" of objects. For strings, it is alphabetic ordering. For Double and Integer it is what we already know: 3 < 4 and 1.2 > 1.1, for example. In the case of BankAccount, we will see that one BankAccount can be made to be "less than" another when its ID precedes the other's ID alphabeti ...
... "natural ordering" of objects. For strings, it is alphabetic ordering. For Double and Integer it is what we already know: 3 < 4 and 1.2 > 1.1, for example. In the case of BankAccount, we will see that one BankAccount can be made to be "less than" another when its ID precedes the other's ID alphabeti ...
Lock-free internal binary search trees with memory management
... programs because it is often difficult to determine a safe time for memory to be deallocated. Shared memory which is concurrently accessible can be removed from the visibility of any new thread accessing the shared data, but threads executing while the shared data was still visible could still attem ...
... programs because it is often difficult to determine a safe time for memory to be deallocated. Shared memory which is concurrently accessible can be removed from the visibility of any new thread accessing the shared data, but threads executing while the shared data was still visible could still attem ...
public boolean - Pitt Computer Science
... subclass objects If a method is defined in both the superclass and subclass (with identical signatures), the version corresponding to each class will be used in a call from the array • Idea is that the methods are similar in nature but the redefinition in the subclass gears the method more specific ...
... subclass objects If a method is defined in both the superclass and subclass (with identical signatures), the version corresponding to each class will be used in a call from the array • Idea is that the methods are similar in nature but the redefinition in the subclass gears the method more specific ...
public boolean - University of Pittsburgh
... subclass objects If a method is defined in both the superclass and subclass (with identical signatures), the version corresponding to each class will be used in a call from the array • Idea is that the methods are similar in nature but the redefinition in the subclass gears the method more specific ...
... subclass objects If a method is defined in both the superclass and subclass (with identical signatures), the version corresponding to each class will be used in a call from the array • Idea is that the methods are similar in nature but the redefinition in the subclass gears the method more specific ...
Wavelet Trees Meet Suffix Trees
... First phase. Assume that for a big node u at distance ατ from the root we are given the list Su . We want to construct the lists Sv for all big nodes v whose deepest (proper) big ancestor is u. There are exactly 2τ such nodes v, call them v0 , . . . , v2τ −1 . To construct their lists Svi , we scan ...
... First phase. Assume that for a big node u at distance ατ from the root we are given the list Su . We want to construct the lists Sv for all big nodes v whose deepest (proper) big ancestor is u. There are exactly 2τ such nodes v, call them v0 , . . . , v2τ −1 . To construct their lists Svi , we scan ...
lecture notes on data structures using c
... suppose the array stores larger objects, and lots of them. In this case, the overhead for moving data becomes high. The problem is that, in a contiguous structure, such as an array the logical ordering (the ordering that we wish to interpret our elements to have) is the same as the physical ordering ...
... suppose the array stores larger objects, and lots of them. In this case, the overhead for moving data becomes high. The problem is that, in a contiguous structure, such as an array the logical ordering (the ordering that we wish to interpret our elements to have) is the same as the physical ordering ...
Concise Notes on Data Structures and Algorithms
... Concise Notes on Data Structures and Algorithms Ruby Edition Christopher Fox ...
... Concise Notes on Data Structures and Algorithms Ruby Edition Christopher Fox ...
Binary tree
In computer science, a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children, which are referred to as the left child and the right child. A recursive definition using just set theory notions is that a (non-empty) binary tree is a triple (L, S, R), where L and R are binary trees or the empty set and S is a singleton set. Some authors allow the binary tree to be the empty set as well.From a graph theory perspective, binary (and K-ary) trees as defined here are actually arborescences. A binary tree may thus be also called a bifurcating arborescence—a term which actually appears in some very old programming books, before the modern computer science terminology prevailed. It is also possible to interpret a binary tree as an undirected, rather than a directed graph, in which case a binary tree is an ordered, rooted tree. Some authors use rooted binary tree instead of binary tree to emphasize the fact that the tree is rooted, but as defined above, a binary tree is always rooted. A binary tree is a special case of an ordered K-ary tree, where k is 2.In computing, binary trees are seldom used solely for their structure. Much more typical is to define a labeling function on the nodes, which associates some value to each node. Binary trees labelled this way are used to implement binary search trees and binary heaps, and are used for efficient searching and sorting. The designation of non-root nodes as left or right child even when there is only one child present matters in some of these applications, in particular it is significant in binary search trees. In mathematics, what is termed binary tree can vary significantly from author to author. Some use the definition commonly used in computer science, but others define it as every non-leaf having exactly two children and don't necessarily order (as left/right) the children either.