What is social expenditure - OECD.Stat
... Compared to SOCX, the scope of Eurostat’s European System of Social Protection Statistics – ESSPROS and the ILO’s Social Security Inquiry – SSI, is wider as these systems also include information on financing of social expenditure. From a statistical perspective it may be desirable that the OECD Soc ...
... Compared to SOCX, the scope of Eurostat’s European System of Social Protection Statistics – ESSPROS and the ILO’s Social Security Inquiry – SSI, is wider as these systems also include information on financing of social expenditure. From a statistical perspective it may be desirable that the OECD Soc ...
Bolivia: Ex Post Assessment of Longer-Term Program
... the past decade, Bolivia witnessed considerable progress in living conditions, access to basic social services and outcome indicators. Poverty as measured by unsatisfied basic needs fell significantly from 71 percent of the population in 1992 to 59 percent in 2001, although mainly in urban areas, an ...
... the past decade, Bolivia witnessed considerable progress in living conditions, access to basic social services and outcome indicators. Poverty as measured by unsatisfied basic needs fell significantly from 71 percent of the population in 1992 to 59 percent in 2001, although mainly in urban areas, an ...
reserve requirements and optimal chinese stabilization policy
... vector-autogression model (BVAR) estimated using aggregate Chinese data. We include 4 variables: the required reserve ratio, the three-month nominal deposit rate, real GDP (in log units), and the share of business fixed investment in the SOE sector in aggregate business fixed investment, in that ord ...
... vector-autogression model (BVAR) estimated using aggregate Chinese data. We include 4 variables: the required reserve ratio, the three-month nominal deposit rate, real GDP (in log units), and the share of business fixed investment in the SOE sector in aggregate business fixed investment, in that ord ...
Document
... a. Forecasts rather than incoming data b. Incoming data rather than forecasts c. Historical records of business cycles d. Views of what they believe is politically possible ANSWER: b 25. Which of the following is true? a. The policy lag refers to the time that elapses from the point when a significa ...
... a. Forecasts rather than incoming data b. Incoming data rather than forecasts c. Historical records of business cycles d. Views of what they believe is politically possible ANSWER: b 25. Which of the following is true? a. The policy lag refers to the time that elapses from the point when a significa ...
Inflation Cycles
... bring cycles in inflation and output Explain the short-run and long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Explain how the mainstream business cycle theory and real business cycle theory account for fluctuations in output and employment ...
... bring cycles in inflation and output Explain the short-run and long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Explain how the mainstream business cycle theory and real business cycle theory account for fluctuations in output and employment ...
Chapter 17
... 17.2 SHORT-RUN AND LONG-RUN ... Last year, aggregate demand was AD0, aggregate supply was AS0, the price level was 100, and real GDP was $10 trillion (at full employment). 1. If, this year, aggregate demand increases to AD1 and aggregate supply changes to AS1, the price level rises by 3 percent to ...
... 17.2 SHORT-RUN AND LONG-RUN ... Last year, aggregate demand was AD0, aggregate supply was AS0, the price level was 100, and real GDP was $10 trillion (at full employment). 1. If, this year, aggregate demand increases to AD1 and aggregate supply changes to AS1, the price level rises by 3 percent to ...
“GDP-GNP Gap Trade-Off: Is it Significant for Economic Performance
... country's citizens, the result is GNP. When the calculations are made of all incomes (or all expenditures) that originated within a country's boundaries, including those of foreign citizens, the result is GDP. GNP may be much less than GDP if much of the income from a country's production flows to f ...
... country's citizens, the result is GNP. When the calculations are made of all incomes (or all expenditures) that originated within a country's boundaries, including those of foreign citizens, the result is GDP. GNP may be much less than GDP if much of the income from a country's production flows to f ...
Chapter 13
... React to exchange rate movements, such as when the foreign currency appears to be undervalued. DFI can also help reduce the MNC’s exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. ...
... React to exchange rate movements, such as when the foreign currency appears to be undervalued. DFI can also help reduce the MNC’s exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. ...
Economics for Today 2nd edition Irvin B. Tucker
... How long before a downturn is a Recession? The Department of Commerce usually considers a recession to be at least two consecutive quarters in which there is a decline in GDP ...
... How long before a downturn is a Recession? The Department of Commerce usually considers a recession to be at least two consecutive quarters in which there is a decline in GDP ...
Productivity, Demographics and Growth in Turkey
... population (the second term on the right hand side), and changes in the demographic ratio (the last term on the right hand side). The last term corresponds to the first demographic dividend we have discussed in Section 2. In cases where growth is partly accounted for by changes in the population st ...
... population (the second term on the right hand side), and changes in the demographic ratio (the last term on the right hand side). The last term corresponds to the first demographic dividend we have discussed in Section 2. In cases where growth is partly accounted for by changes in the population st ...
Estimating Equity Risk Premiums Report
... Jacquier et al. [15,16] developed an unbiased estimate of the mean (U) from historical data by weighing the geometric (G) and arithmetic (A) means by the ratio of number of years in the projection (P) to the number of years in the sample (S): U = A*(1-P/S) + G*(P/S) As the projection time gets long ...
... Jacquier et al. [15,16] developed an unbiased estimate of the mean (U) from historical data by weighing the geometric (G) and arithmetic (A) means by the ratio of number of years in the projection (P) to the number of years in the sample (S): U = A*(1-P/S) + G*(P/S) As the projection time gets long ...
YHRMP briefing: the economic impact of immigration
... Dr Anderson also suggests that when you compare British and immigrant workers, you are often not comparing like with like. She states that the high level of education indicative of many immigrants would simply not be working in those low paid sectors if they were British. The significant differences ...
... Dr Anderson also suggests that when you compare British and immigrant workers, you are often not comparing like with like. She states that the high level of education indicative of many immigrants would simply not be working in those low paid sectors if they were British. The significant differences ...
BIS Working Papers The future of public debt: prospects and implications No 300
... of World War II, for example, government debts in excess of 100% of GDP were common. 3 And none of these led to default. 4 In more recent times, Japan has been living with a public debt ratio of over 150% without any adverse effect on its cost. So it is possible that investors will continue to put s ...
... of World War II, for example, government debts in excess of 100% of GDP were common. 3 And none of these led to default. 4 In more recent times, Japan has been living with a public debt ratio of over 150% without any adverse effect on its cost. So it is possible that investors will continue to put s ...
Answers to Homework #3
... 1. For each of the following scenarios determine the effect on GDP of the described event. Then, explain the reasoning behind your answer. a. Joe’s T-shirts produces 1000 t-shirts in 2013 and sells 1800 of these t-shirts in 2013 for a price of $10 per t-shirt. In 2014 Joe’s T-shirts produces another ...
... 1. For each of the following scenarios determine the effect on GDP of the described event. Then, explain the reasoning behind your answer. a. Joe’s T-shirts produces 1000 t-shirts in 2013 and sells 1800 of these t-shirts in 2013 for a price of $10 per t-shirt. In 2014 Joe’s T-shirts produces another ...
High Yield Bonds in a Rising Rate Environment
... high yield bonds will continue to provide diversification benefits even if rates returned to their long-term averages because they are imperfectly correlated with other asset classes. We manage our portfolios such that we can outperform in a rising rate environment in three ways. The first and most ...
... high yield bonds will continue to provide diversification benefits even if rates returned to their long-term averages because they are imperfectly correlated with other asset classes. We manage our portfolios such that we can outperform in a rising rate environment in three ways. The first and most ...
S2000005_en.pdf
... savings and its contribution to Gross Fixed Capital Formation. The relevant data for this purpose are not available, but the orders of magnitude of this proxy strongly suggest that the origin of excess domestic expenditure –and of vulnerability– was non-fiscal. What are the macroeconomic consequence ...
... savings and its contribution to Gross Fixed Capital Formation. The relevant data for this purpose are not available, but the orders of magnitude of this proxy strongly suggest that the origin of excess domestic expenditure –and of vulnerability– was non-fiscal. What are the macroeconomic consequence ...
Fiscal policy - Binus Repository
... and cut in government expenditures; but, it takes time to recognize the unexpected expansion and construct the policy. Jump to first page ...
... and cut in government expenditures; but, it takes time to recognize the unexpected expansion and construct the policy. Jump to first page ...
Tax structure and revenue-raising capacity in Spain
... In this paper the term “average” will be used to refer to the arithmetic average. Any reference to a weighted average will be made explicitly. The arithmetic average treats all economies equally, irrespective of their size, whereas the weighted average is more representative of the larger EU countri ...
... In this paper the term “average” will be used to refer to the arithmetic average. Any reference to a weighted average will be made explicitly. The arithmetic average treats all economies equally, irrespective of their size, whereas the weighted average is more representative of the larger EU countri ...
Major Currency Report
... Overnight UK Prime Minster Theresa May surprised financial markets by announcing an early UK election in June. Markets reaction was extremely positive and the GBP surged higher. The GBP/USD exchange rate reached as high as 1.2900 before unwinding somewhat to currently trade at 1.2830. As such the NZ ...
... Overnight UK Prime Minster Theresa May surprised financial markets by announcing an early UK election in June. Markets reaction was extremely positive and the GBP surged higher. The GBP/USD exchange rate reached as high as 1.2900 before unwinding somewhat to currently trade at 1.2830. As such the NZ ...
Unconventional Fiscal Policy at the Zero Bound
... problem: unconventional fiscal policy can perfectly replicate the effects of negative nominal interest rates at the second best. This point is more general: the full set of implementable allocations is unrestricted by the zero bound constraint (Section IV). We also quantify the tax policy that would ...
... problem: unconventional fiscal policy can perfectly replicate the effects of negative nominal interest rates at the second best. This point is more general: the full set of implementable allocations is unrestricted by the zero bound constraint (Section IV). We also quantify the tax policy that would ...
(2) Developments in the Natural Rate of Interest in Japan
... interest rates is relatively easy and simple to implement. It comes at a cost, however, as this approach does not have a strong theoretical foundation. Because it uses the short-term real interest rate as its only input in the estimation process, there is no guarantee, even from a theoretical point ...
... interest rates is relatively easy and simple to implement. It comes at a cost, however, as this approach does not have a strong theoretical foundation. Because it uses the short-term real interest rate as its only input in the estimation process, there is no guarantee, even from a theoretical point ...
The New Economic Reality and the Unemployment Rate: Will It Ever
... at the end of 2011 indicated that there were approximately 14 million unemployed workers, but only 3.3 million job openings. Thus, the number of unemployed workers to job openings was greater that 4-to-1, indicating that there were no jobs available for more than three out of four unemployed workers ...
... at the end of 2011 indicated that there were approximately 14 million unemployed workers, but only 3.3 million job openings. Thus, the number of unemployed workers to job openings was greater that 4-to-1, indicating that there were no jobs available for more than three out of four unemployed workers ...
Structure and nature of sa#7305 (Page 1)
... share of public sector expenditures as external capital flows to the private sector continues to decline. Namibia is a country faced by four main development objectives namely to revive and sustain economic growth, to create employment, to reduce inequalities in income distribution, and to reduce po ...
... share of public sector expenditures as external capital flows to the private sector continues to decline. Namibia is a country faced by four main development objectives namely to revive and sustain economic growth, to create employment, to reduce inequalities in income distribution, and to reduce po ...
Managerial Economics - e
... business are financed by debt and how much by equity(ownership). Leverage is not necessarily a bad thing. Leverage is useful to fund company growth and development through the purchase of assets. But if the company has too much borrowing, it may not be able to pay back all of its debts. ...
... business are financed by debt and how much by equity(ownership). Leverage is not necessarily a bad thing. Leverage is useful to fund company growth and development through the purchase of assets. But if the company has too much borrowing, it may not be able to pay back all of its debts. ...