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Social Protection for Informal Workers in Asia
Social Protection for Informal Workers in Asia

... International Labour Organization suggested that a lack of decent jobs has resulted in more than 50.0% of workers turning to informal employment that results in low productivity and a volatile income. This problem is exacerbated in many developing countries in Asia by a gender divide in the availabi ...
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... Martin Feldstein asked Zvi Griliches of Harvard University to serve as the first Director of the NBER’s Program on Technological Change and Productivity Measurement. Griliches served in that position until just before his death in November 1999. Over the years, the Productivity Program has interacte ...
Going mainstream – how absolute return is moving into the
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... relative return investing. Rather, our research shows that it is a valuable component that can be used to enhance a portfolio’s risk-reward profile. Performance analysis reveals that certain groups of attributes can be assigned to absolute return and relative return funds. Namely: Absolute return fu ...
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... of the subsidiary’s creditors, unless we are ourselves a creditor with recognized claims against the subsidiary. Any capital loans that we make to any of our subsidiaries would be subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to other indebtedness of these subsidiaries. Claims from creditors (othe ...
Leverage and Disagreement ∗ François Geerolf UCLA
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... Belief disagreement has been blamed for the importance and severity of the last financial crisis. Optimistic about the future evolution of house prices, many homeowners bought houses using leverage, and some banks leveraged into Mortgage-Backed Securities that would only pay off if house prices cont ...
ADAM – a model of the Danish economy
ADAM – a model of the Danish economy

... the years there has been a focus on developing the long-term properties where the supply side is crucial, and today it is important that ADAM has a meaningful long-term solution. The focus on long-term properties has been driven by the model users, who have applied ADAM for long-term projections and ...
Adjusting the budget balance for the business cycle: the
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View Determination - Pensions Ombudsman
View Determination - Pensions Ombudsman

... “9.(A) Subject to the powers conferred by the Scheme on the Company and the Employers the Trustees may determine as they consider just all questions and matters of doubt arising under the Scheme and any such determination whether made upon a question actually raised or implied in the acts or proceed ...
Working papers - Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
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... algorithm and applying it to U.S. data suggests that the United States faced two bouts of stagflation in the postwar era, 1974Q3–1975Q1 and 1980Q2–1980Q3. The stagflation algorithm allows for a more exhaustive analysis of the factors that can generate stagflation than visual analysis alone. Thus, we ...
Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion of the European Union
Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion of the European Union

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... Bond returns were especially high. Over the 33 years since 1980, a period that exceeds the working lifetime of most of today’s investment professionals, world bonds (just) beat world equities. Past performance conditions our thinking and aspirations. Investors grew used to high returns. Equity inves ...
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... can be levied for the payment of debt service may be limited or unlimited as to the rate or amount of special assessments. Revenue bonds.  The full faith, credit and taxing power of the issuer do not secure revenue bonds. Instead, the principal security for a revenue bond generally is the net revenu ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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