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Long-Term Population, Housing and Economic
Long-Term Population, Housing and Economic

... Even with positive net international migration, the combination of increased interprovincial and intercity out-migration led to stagnant population growth in Winnipeg during the mid-1990s. However, net migration has increased gradually since then, especially on the intercity and international fronts ...
Chapter 12 Overlapping generations in continuous time
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... bequest motive, there will be a demand for assets that pay a high return as long as the investor is alive, but on the other hand is nullified at death. Assets with this property are called life annuities. They will be demanded because they make it possible to convert potential wealth after death to ...
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... facing parts of the economy and labour market. In the shorter term inflation and the stagnation of real wages are issues. It is often argued that fiscal consolidation is a key factor driving the squeeze on family incomes yet inflation is a more serious concern. The Coalition has set out to focus the ...
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... they have not produced a consensus on whether public or private investment has a larger impact on economic activity and whether there is a link between the two. A frequently cited study by Aschauer [1989] highlighted the importance of public investment, indicating that the decline in public infrastr ...
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... Out of 73,000 identified habitations that were to be covered under “Swabhimaan” campaign by March, 2012, about 70,000 habitations have been covered. Rest likely to be covered by March 31, 2012. ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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